Simpler, shorter, safer and more effective treatments for tuberculosis that are easily accessible to all people with tuberculosis are desperately needed. In 2016, the World Health Organization (WHO) developed target regimen profiles for the treatment of tuberculosis to make drug developers aware of both the important features of treatment regimens, and patient and programmatic needs at the country level. In view of recent ground-breaking advances in tuberculosis treatment, WHO has revised and updated these regimen profiles.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBackground: In the absence of bacteriologic confirmation to diagnose tuberculosis (TB) in children, it is suggested that treatment should be initiated when sufficient clinical evidence of disease is available. However, it is unclear what clinical evidence is sufficient to make this decision. To identify children who would benefit from rapid initiation of TB treatment, we developed 2 clinical prediction tools.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBackground: Scaling up a shorter preventive regimen such as weekly isoniazid and rifapentine (3HP) for 3 months is a priority for tuberculosis (TB) preventive treatment (TPT). However, there are limited data on 3HP acceptability and completion from high-burden-TB countries.
Methods: We scaled up 3HP from 2018 to 2021 in 2 cities in Pakistan.
Background: Significant data gaps exist for children and adolescents with drug-resistant (DR) TB, particularly from high TB incidence settings. This report provides a descriptive analysis of programmatic outcomes among children and adolescents treated for DR-TB in Pakistan.
Methods: We extracted programmatic data from January 2014 to December 2019 from a tertiary care hospital with specialised child and adolescent DR-TB services.
J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc
October 2022
Despite a growing focus on the plight of tuberculosis (TB) among children, 56% of the 1.2 million children who develop TB annually are not detected and notified. TB REACH is a platform of the Stop TB Partnership that supports innovative interventions to improve TB case detection and preventative treatment.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBackground And Objective: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) constitutes a major public health challenge, with a global prevalence of 15-74.7 cases /million children. Preventing CKD in children, slowing its progression and management of complications are essential, especially in challenged health systems in low middle income countries (LMIC).
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBackground: Clinical presentation for extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) in children can be variable and nonspecific, leading to delayed diagnosis, disease and death. We describe the age-specific clinical presentation and identify risk factors for EPTB among children in Pakistan.
Methods: In 2015-2016 in 4 facilities in Sindh, Pakistan, children were diagnosed with TB either through bacteriologic confirmation or clinical-radiologic criteria.
Although it is an ancient pathogen, tuberculosis (TB) remains a major infectious cause of death globally, transiently displaced by COVID-19 [...
View Article and Find Full Text PDFObjective: To review the data presented in the 2021 WHO global TB report and discuss the current constraints in the global response.
Introduction And Methods: The WHO global TB reports, consolidate TB data from countries and provide up to date assessment of the global TB epidemic. We reviewed the data presented in the 2021 report.
Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN), characterized by a rapid development of nephritis with loss of kidney function in days or weeks, is typically associated histologically, with crescents in most glomeruli; and is a challenging problem, particularly in low resource settings. RPGN is a diagnostic and therapeutic emergency requiring prompt evaluation and treatment to prevent poor outcomes. Histopathologically, RPGN consists of four major categories, anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) disease, immune complex mediated, pauci-immune disorders and idiopathic /overlap disorders.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFIn this article, we highlight technological pediatric TB research advances across the TB care cascade; discuss recently completed or ongoing work in adults and corresponding significant research gaps for children; and offer recommendations and opportunities to increase investments and accelerate pediatric TB R&D.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFObjective: To apply a cascade-of-care framework to evaluate the effectiveness-by age of the child-of an intensified tuberculosis patient-finding intervention.
Design: From a prospective screening program at four hospitals in Pakistan (2014-2016) we constructed a care cascade comprising six steps: screened, positive screen, evaluated, diagnosed, started treatment, and successful outcome. We evaluated the cascade by each year of age from 0 to 14 and report the age-specific mean proportion and standard deviation.
Objectives: Despite WHO guidelines recommending household contact investigation, and studies showing the impact of active screening, most tuberculosis (TB) programmes in resource-limited settings only carry out passive contact investigation. The cost of such strategies is often cited as barriers to their implementation. However, little data are available for the additional costs required to implement this strategy.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFIn a matched case-control study in Pakistan, we found that quantified tuberculosis (TB) exposure using a 10-point score is associated with prevalent TB disease in pediatric household contacts. A 1 unit increase in TB exposure score increased the odds of TB disease by 44% (conditional odds ratio: 1.44, 95% confidence interval: 1.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBackground: Shorter regimens for tuberculosis prevention can improve completion rates and protection against developing active tuberculosis disease after tuberculosis exposure. We aimed to assess the safety and feasibility of 1 month of daily isoniazid and rifapentine (1HP) in children and adolescents in a low-resource setting in south Asia with low prevalence of HIV.
Methods: This prospective cohort study was done in eight tuberculosis facilities in Karachi, Pakistan.
Young children are most vulnerable to develop severe forms of tuberculosis (TB) and are over-represented among TB deaths. Almost all children estimated to have died from TB were never diagnosed or offered TB treatment. Improved access to TB preventive treatment (TPT) requires major upscaling of household contact investigation with allocation of adequate resources.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBackground: Every year, about 239 000 children die from tuberculosis (TB), despite availability of highly effective regimens. Few studies have evaluated predictors for poor treatment outcomes in children treated for TB.
Methods: We assessed predictors of unsuccessful TB treatment outcomes in a prospective cohort of children diagnosed by an intensified TB patient-finding intervention at four facilities in Pakistan between 2014 and 2016.
In Karachi, Pakistan, a South Asian megacity with a high prevalence of tuberculosis (TB) and low HIV prevalence, we assessed the effectiveness of fluoroquinolone-based preventive therapy for drug-resistant (DR) TB exposure. During February 2016–March 2017, high-risk household contacts of DR TB patients began a 6-month course of preventive therapy with a fluoroquinolone-based, 2-drug regimen. We assessed effectiveness in this cohort by comparing the rate and risk for TB disease over 2 years to the rates and risks reported in the literature.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFChildren’s health care providers and children’s surgery providers can partner to improve children’s health by developing the surgical workforce, focusing on “best buy” surgeries, integrating children’s surgery into national plans, streamlining data collection and research, and leveraging financing.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBackground: Completion of tuberculosis (TB) preventive treatment is important to optimize efficacy; treatment-related adverse events (AEs) sometimes result in discontinuation. This study describes the occurrence of AEs and their risk factors during a 6-month, 2-drug, fluoroquinolone-based preventive treatment for household contacts of patients with drug-resistant TB in Karachi, Pakistan.
Methods: The primary outcome was development of any clinical AE during preventive treatment.