Screening for depression during pregnancy using the Kurdish version of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale in Erbil city.

We aimed to determine any difference in the prevalence rate of depression during the three trimesters of pregnancy and its association with certain obstetric risk factors. In total, 1000 pregnant women attending primary health centers in the city of Erbil, Kurdistan, Iraq were assessed for depression using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Women in the first and second trimesters had a significantly higher probability of depression than those in the third trimester.

Effect of oxidative stress on the expression of thin filament-associated proteins in gastric smooth muscle cells.

Thin filament-associated proteins such as calponin, caldesmon, and smoothelin are believed to regulate acto-myosin interaction and thus, muscle contraction. Oxidative stress has been found to affect the normal contractile behavior of smooth muscle and is involved in the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and atherosclerosis. However, very little is known about the effect of oxidative stress on the expression of smooth muscle contractile proteins.

Non-genomic effects of progesterone on Rho kinase II in rat gastric smooth muscle cells.

Various studies have shown that pregnancy is associated with gastrointestinal complaints that might result from disturbance of the normal contractile pattern of smooth muscle. Progesterone is an important steroid hormone, which plays a crucial role in female pregnancy. Progesterone affects muscle cells by genomic mechanisms, through nuclear receptors, and non-genomic mechanisms, through unidentified pathways.