Using SARS-CoV-2 Sequencing Data to Identify Reinfection Cases in the Global Emerging Infections Surveillance Program, United States.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention defines SARS-CoV-2 reinfection as a positive COVID-19 test result >90 days after the collection date for the initial positive test or if sequencing confirms a different lineage is causing the reinfection. Reinfection dynamics have been examined by using PCR or antigen surveillance data. We identified patients in the US Military Health System who had >1 positive SARS-CoV-2 test during March 2020-July 2022 by using whole-genome sequencing data to identify reinfection cases, then compared those data with patient demographics, symptoms, and vaccination status.

Limited gains in native parasitoid performance on an invasive host beyond three generations of selection.

Co-evolved natural enemies provide sustainable and long-term control of numerous invasive insect pests, but the introduction of such enemies has declined sharply due to increasing regulations. In the absence of co-evolved natural enemies, native species may attack exotic invasive pests; however, they usually lack adaptations to control novel hosts effectively. We investigated the potential of two native pupal parasitoids, and , to increase their developmental success on the invasive .

Using Red Panel Traps to Detect Spotted-Wing Drosophila and its Infestation in US Berry and Cherry Crops.

Spotted-wing drosophila (SWD), Drosophila suzukii Matsumura (Diptera: Drosophilidae), is an invasive pest of thin-skinned fruits in the United States. Monitoring traps are an integral part of SWD integrated pest management, allowing early detection and timely management of this pest. An ideal monitoring trap should be easy to use, effective in capturing SWD, sensitive and selective to male SWD which are easy to identify due to their spotted wings, and able to predict fruit infestation from trap captures.

Evorpacept alone and in combination with pembrolizumab or trastuzumab in patients with advanced solid tumours (ASPEN-01): a first-in-human, open-label, multicentre, phase 1 dose-escalation and dose-expansion study.

Background: Both innate and adaptive immune responses are important components of anticancer immunity. The CD47-SIRPα interaction could represent an important pathway used by tumour cells to evade immune surveillance. We aimed to evaluate the safety, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and anticancer activity of evorpacept (also known as ALX148), a high-affinity CD47-blocking protein with an inactive IgG Fc region in patients with solid tumours.

Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae): A Decade of Research Towards a Sustainable Integrated Pest Management Program.

Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae) also known as spotted-wing drosophila (SWD), is a pest native to Southeast Asia. In the last few decades, the pest has expanded its range to affect all major European and American fruit production regions. SWD is a highly adaptive insect that is able to disperse, survive, and flourish under a range of environmental conditions.

Field and Laboratory Testing of Feeding Stimulants to Enhance Insecticide Efficacy Against Spotted-Wing Drosophila, Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura).

The invasive spotted-wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura), is a key insect pest of berries globally, causing lost revenues and increased production costs associated with applications of insecticides. The insecticides utilized are commonly broad-spectrum pyrethroids, organophosphates, or carbamates in conventionally managed fields and spinosad in organically managed fields. Adoption of more selective insecticides has been limited due to their lower residual activity, and the requirement that some must be ingested to be effective.

Functional play in young children with autism and Williams syndrome: A cross-syndrome comparison.

Functional play during early childhood paves the way to symbolic play and social communicative skills. However, functional play is surprisingly understudied in children with developmental disorders affecting social and communicative domains, such as Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Williams syndrome (WS). To address this issue and to evaluate both the quantity and quality of functional play in children with ASD and WS, we examined different play types using fine grained behavioral analysis with a group of age and IQ-matched developmentally delayed children with ASD (n = 14) and WS (n = 14) in comparison with 12 age-matched typically developing (TD) children.

Exploring the Efficacy and Mechanisms of a Crop Sterilant for Reducing Infestation by Spotted-Wing Drosophila (Diptera: Drosophilidae).

Vinegar flies (Diptera: Drosophilidae) are well known to be associated with yeasts, which provide important nutrients and emit attractive semiochemicals. Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) has become a major pest of berries and cherries around the world, requiring intensive management to maintain fruit quality. Although insecticides remain a dominant control approach, disruption of fly-yeast-host interactions remains a promising avenue for reducing the economic impact of this pest.

Factors Affecting the Uptake of Institutional Delivery, Antenatal and Postnatal Care in Nawalparasi District, Nepal.

Background Maternal deaths and complications are highly preventable with good antenatal, postnatal and skilled care during childbirth. Inadequate information on the factors affecting these services could be barrier to a reduction of maternal deaths in lowincome countries. Objective To assess the uptake of antenatal, postnatal and skilled care during childbirth.

Mulching as a cultural control strategy for Drosophila suzukii in blueberry.

Background: Fruit growers largely depend on chemical control to reduce populations of the economically damaging invasive fly, Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura). Drosophila suzukii is susceptible to high temperatures and low humidity; therefore, it may be possible to implement cultural control practices that create microclimates unfavorable for its development and survival. In addition to other fruit production benefits, in-row mulches may impede the development of D.

Behavioral and Physiological Resistance to Desiccation in Spotted Wing Drosophila (Diptera: Drosophilidae).

With a high surface to volume ratio, small organisms must carefully regulate their internal water status. Spotted-wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura), is an invasive frugivorous insect distributed across a wide range of geographical regions that can have periods of dry and hot weather, suggesting that this species has strategies to avoid stressful environments and reduce water loss. It also survives winter as an adult fly, indicating that it has adaptations to the low air humidity of this season.

Interactions Between Biotic and Abiotic Factors Affect Survival in Overwintering Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae).

Drosophila suzukii Matsumura is an invasive species affecting berry crops and cherries throughout North America, South America, and Europe. Previous research suggests that in temperate climates, the overwintering success of D. suzukii is likely dependent on access to food, shelter, and adequate cold hardening.

Reduced Motor Interference in Preschoolers with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Williams Syndrome.

Motor interference occurs when action execution is hindered by the observation of an incongruent action. The present study used a novel eye-tracking paradigm to test the motor interference effect in 22 preschoolers with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), 14 preschoolers with Williams syndrome (WS), and 18 typically developing (TD) peers. In TD children, performance of a pre-determined action was slower after the observation of an incongruent motor action and faster following observation of a congruent motor action, indicating a motor interference effect.

Diurnal Activity of Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in Highbush Blueberry and Behavioral Response to Irrigation and Application of Insecticides.

Spotted wing Drosophila, Drosophila suzukii Matsumura (Diptera: Drosophilidae), is an invasive vinegar fly that has become a primary direct pest of berry crops worldwide. We conducted 2 yr of behavioral studies in blueberry plantings to determine how fly activity varied throughout the day. Observations of diurnal activity of adult D.

Temporal variability in shell mound formation at Albatross Bay, northern Australia.

We report the results of 212 radiocarbon determinations from the archaeological excavation of 70 shell mound deposits in the Wathayn region of Albatross Bay, Australia. This is an intensive study of a closely co-located group of mounds within a geographically restricted area in a wider region where many more shell mounds have been reported. Valves from the bivalve Tegillarca granosa (Linnaeus, 1758) were dated.

Social Attention, Joint Attention and Sustained Attention in Autism Spectrum Disorder and Williams Syndrome: Convergences and Divergences.

There is limited knowledge on shared and syndrome-specific attentional profiles in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and Williams syndrome (WS). Using eye-tracking, we examined attentional profiles of 35 preschoolers with ASD, 22 preschoolers with WS and 20 typically developing children across social and non-social dimensions of attention. Children with ASD and those with WS presented with overlapping deficits in spontaneous visual engagement with the target of others' attention and in sustained attention.

Delineation of a spatial working memory profile using a non-verbal eye-tracking paradigm in young children with autism and Williams syndrome.

Working memory deficits profoundly inhibit children's ability to learn. While deficits have been identified in disorders such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and Williams syndrome (WS), findings are equivocal, and very little is known about the nature of these deficits early in development. A major barrier to advances in this area is the availability of tasks suitable for young children with neurodevelopmental disorders who experience difficulties with following verbal instructions or who are distressed by formal testing demands.

Attention to novelty versus repetition: Contrasting habituation profiles in Autism and Williams syndrome.

Background: Abnormalities in habituation have been documented in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Williams syndrome (WS). Such abnormalities have been proposed to underlie the distinctive social and non-social difficulties that define ASD, including sensory features and repetitive behaviours, and the distinctive social phenotype characterizing WS.

Methods: We measured habituation in 39 preschoolers with ASD, 20 peers with WS and 19 typically developing (TD) children using an eye-tracking protocol that measured participants' duration of attention in response to a repeating stimulus and a novel stimulus presented side by side across multiple trials.

The social nature of overimitation: Insights from Autism and Williams syndrome.

When imitating novel actions, typically developing preschoolers often copy components of the demonstration that are unrelated to the modeled action's goal, a phenomenon known as 'overimitation'. According to the social motivation account, overimitation fulfills social affiliation motives (i.e.

Verbal labels increase the salience of novel objects for preschoolers with typical development and Williams syndrome, but not in autism.

Background: Early research has documented that young children show an increased interest toward objects that are verbally labeled by an adult, compared to objects that are presented without a label. It is unclear whether the same phenomenon occurs in neurodevelopmental disorders affecting social development, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and Williams syndrome (WS).

Methods: The present study used a novel eye-tracking paradigm to determine whether hearing a verbal label increases the salience of novel objects in 35 preschoolers with ASD, 18 preschoolers with WS, and 20 typically developing peers.

Synovium-Derived MicroRNAs Regulate Bone Pathways in Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Articular bone erosion in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is mediated by the interaction between inflammation and pathways regulating bone metabolism. Inflammation promotes osteoclastogenesis and also inhibits osteoblast function, further contributing to the persistence of erosions. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulators of skeletal remodeling and play a role in RA pathogenesis.

Social affiliation motives modulate spontaneous learning in Williams syndrome but not in autism.

Background: Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and those with Williams syndrome (WS) have difficulties with learning, though the nature of these remains unclear.

Methods: In this study, we used novel eye-tracking and behavioral paradigms to measure how 36 preschoolers with ASD and 21 age- and IQ-matched peers with WS attend to and learn novel behaviors (1) from the outcomes of their own actions (non-social learning), (2) through imitation of others' actions (social learning), and across situations in which imitative learning served either an instrumental function or fulfilled social affiliation motives.

Results: The two groups demonstrated similar abilities to learn from the consequences of their own actions and to imitate new actions that were instrumental to the achievement of a tangible goal.

An association between a dopamine transporter gene (SLC6A3) haplotype and ADHD symptom measures in nonclinical adults.

Previous genetic studies have postulated that attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) should be regarded as the extreme end of a set of behavioural traits that can be continuously measured in the general population. The current study adopted a quantitative trait approach to examine the relationship between dopamine gene variants and self-reported ADHD symptoms in 517 nonclinical adults. Although genetic associations with variants of both the dopamine transporter (DAT1; SLC6A3) and D4 receptor (DRD4) genes have been reliably reported in children, results in adults are less consistent.