The role of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in determining survival rates of lung cancer patients in the population of North Sumatra, Indonesia.

Gaining a better understanding of molecular alterations in the pathogenesis of lung cancer reveals a significant change in approach to the management and prognosis of lung cancer. Several oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes have been identified and have different roles related to survival rates in lung cancer patients. This study aims to determine the role of KRAS, EGFR, and TP53 mutations in the survival rate of lung cancer patients in the population of North Sumatra.

A Comparison of Occupational CO Levels, HbCO, and Lung Functions Between Grill and Non-grill Street Vendors.

Background: There is a surge increase in grills-fast food outlet in the urban areas that plays an essential role in producing air pollution. Chronic accumulation of carbon monoxide might affect the airway and destroy alveolus as well as correlated with the disturbance of lung function.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to compare the occupational CO levels, HbCO, and lung functions between grill and non-grill street vendors.

A rare primary posterior mediastinal angiolipoma: A case report.

is a rare benign neoplasm composed of mature adipose tissue with an abnormal vessel. Owing to its unspecific symptoms and slow progressions, the diagnosis of this disease is often delayed by clinicians. Here we present a 68-years-old-woman presented with mild chest pain radiates to the back with chronic dry cough.

The correlation between hemostatic parameters and mortality rate in patients with non-small cell lung cancer.

The increasing level of hemostatic parameters and tumor markers were associated with cancer progression and poor prognosis, particularly in NSCLC. The objective of this study is to determine whether there was a correlation between hemostatic parameters and mortality rate in patients with NSCLC. This was a prospective analytical study with a pretest-posttest design which included 41 patients with diagnosis of NSCLC.

The Absence of Mutations in the Exon 2 KRAS Gene in Several Ethnic Groups in North Sumatra May Not the Main Factor for Lung Cancer.

Background: Rat Sarcoma (RAS) protein encoded Guanosine Triphosphate (GTP-ase) activity, known as a switch of cell proliferation. The mutation of this protein alters the early stage of carcinogenesis and along with the interaction with other oncogene drivers and environmental factors affect the clinical characteristics and prognosis in cancer patients, particularly lung cancer.

Objective: This study aims to determine the Kristen Rat Sarcoma (KRAS) mutation in lung cancer patients in North Sumatera and evaluate factors that might contribute in the development of lung cancer in the absence of KRAS mutation.

Four-type of Masks and its Effectiveness Based on Reduced Level of Expiratory Carbon-monoxide.

Introduction: Carbon-monoxide (CO) is a major component of motor-vehicles related air pollution. Motor-vehicles emissions are a major source of air pollution in urban areas and give significant adverse effects on human life.

Aim: This study aimed to assess the change of expiratory carbon-monoxide levels after using four-type of masks in people around Universitas Sumatera Utara.

Tuberculosis of the knee: A pitfalls in clinical settings (A case report and literature review).

Introduction: Tuberculosis of the knee is a rare form of diseases associated with tuberculosis that is frequently misdiagnosed as malignancy or bacterial infections. Its symptomatology might be identical to other conditions; thus finally turns the clinician misdiagnosed of the patient circumstances.

Presentation Of The Case: A 31-year-old male patient presented a unilateral knee swelling, reddish, warmth, pain, with a limited range of movement and then diagnosed with tuberculosis of the knee, histopathologically confirmed following surgical removal, including synovectomy without arthroplasty procedure.

The Correlation between Levels of Transforming Growth Factor-β with Pulmonary Fibrosis in Post Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Medan, North Sumatera - Indonesia.

Background: Untreated or undertreated, pulmonary tuberculosis could cause severe complications until death. After treatment, residual lesions might occur. The presence of residual lesions is varied, including fibrosis, cavity, bronchiectasis and calcification.

The Impact of Upper Limb Training with Breathing Maneuver in Lung Function, Functional Capacity, Dyspnea Scale, and Quality of Life in Patient with Stable Chronic Obstructive of Lung Disease.

Background: Exercise tolerance is one of the main impacts of COPD. COPD patients often experience dyspnea and fatigue after doing daily activities using their limb parts, even in simple thing such as lifting or grooming. Nowadays, many pulmonologists concerned in pulmonary rehabilitation to modify some limb training with breathing manoeuvre to get positive impact in stable COPD patient.