Bacterial outer membrane vesicles bound to bacteriophages modulate neutrophil responses to bacterial infection.

is a major human pathogen, particularly effective at colonizing the airways of patients with cystic fibrosis. Bacteriophages are highly abundant at infection sites, but their impact on mammalian immunity remains unclear. We previously showed that Pf4, a temperate filamentous bacteriophage produced by , modifies the innate immune response to infections via TLR3 signaling, but the underlying mechanisms remained unclear.