Stable minichromosome and functional neocentromere derived from rye 7R chromosome arm.

Background: The study of newly formed centromere with stable transmission ability can provide theoretical guidance for the construction of artificial chromosomes. More neocentromeres are needed to study the mechanisms of their formation.

Results: In this study, a minichromosome 7RLmini was derived from the progeny of wheat-rye 7R monosomic addition line.

Unveiling the distinctive traits of functional rye centromeres: minisatellites, retrotransposons, and R-loop formation.

Centromeres play a vital role in cellular division by facilitating kinetochore assembly and spindle attachments. Despite their conserved functionality, centromeric DNA sequences exhibit rapid evolution, presenting diverse sizes and compositions across species. The functional significance of rye centromeric DNA sequences, particularly in centromere identity, remains unclear.

Non-B-form DNA is associated with centromere stability in newly-formed polyploid wheat.

Non-B-form DNA differs from the classic B-DNA double helix structure and plays a crucial regulatory role in replication and transcription. However, the role of non-B-form DNA in centromeres, especially in polyploid wheat, remains elusive. Here, we systematically analyzed seven non-B-form DNA motif profiles (A-phased DNA repeat, direct repeat, G-quadruplex, inverted repeat, mirror repeat, short tandem repeat, and Z-DNA) in hexaploid wheat.

Reshaped DNA methylation cooperating with homoeolog-divergent expression promotes improved root traits in synthesized tetraploid wheat.

Polyploidization is a major event driving plant evolution and domestication. However, how reshaped epigenetic modifications coordinate gene transcription to generate phenotypic variations during wheat polyploidization is currently elusive. Here, we profiled transcriptomes and DNA methylomes of two diploid wheat accessions (SS and AA) and their synthetic allotetraploid wheat line (SSAA), which displayed elongated root hair and improved root capability for nitrate uptake and assimilation after tetraploidization.

Cytological analysis of the diploid-like inheritance of newly synthesized allotetraploid wheat.

Polyploidization is a process which is related to species hybridization and whole genome duplication. It is widespread among angiosperm evolution and is essential for speciation and diversification. Allopolyploidization is mainly derived from interspecific hybridization and is believed to pose chromosome imbalances and genome instability caused by meiotic irregularity.

Effects of Aegilops longissima chromosome 1S on wheat bread-making quality in two types of translocation lines.

Two wheat-Ae. longissima translocation chromosomes (1BS·1SL and 1SS·1BL) were transferred into three commercial wheat varieties, and the new advanced lines showed improved bread-making quality compared to their recurrent parents. Aegilops longissima chromosome 1S encodes specific types of gluten subunits that may positively affect wheat bread-making quality.

Young retrotransposons and non-B DNA structures promote the establishment of dominant rye centromere in the 1RS.1BL fused centromere.

The fine centromere structure in Robertsonian wheat-rye translocation chromosomes exhibits variation among different translocation genotypes. Within extensively employed wheat-rye 1RS.1BL translocation lines in wheat breeding, their translocated chromosomes frequently display fused centromere.

New insights on the evolution of nucleolar dominance in newly resynthesized hexaploid wheat Triticum zhukovskyi.

Nucleolar dominance (ND) is a widespread epigenetic phenomenon in hybridizations where nucleolus transcription fails at the nucleolus organizer region (NOR). However, the dynamics of NORs during the formation of Triticum zhukovskyi (GGA A A A ), another evolutionary branch of allohexaploid wheat, remains poorly understood. Here, we elucidated genetic and epigenetic changes occurring at the NOR loci within the A , G, and D subgenomes during allopolyploidization by synthesizing hexaploid wheat GGA A A A and GGA A DD.

Systemic development of wheat-Thinopyrum elongatum translocation lines and their deployment in wheat breeding for Fusarium head blight resistance.

Fusarium head blight (FHB), mainly caused by Fusarium graminearum, is one of the most destructive diseases of wheat (Triticum aestivum) around the world. FHB causes significant yield losses and reduces grain quality. The lack of resistance resources is a major bottleneck for wheat FHB resistance breeding.

Development and cytological characterization of wheat- translocation lines with novel stripe rust resistance gene.

Wheat stripe rust is a destructive disease in many cool and temperate regions around the world. Exploiting novel sources of resistance can provide wheat cultivars with robust and durable resistance to stripe rust. The wheat- addition line TAI-14 was proven to carry a stripe rust resistance gene (named as ) on the alien chromosome.

Non-B-form DNA tends to form in centromeric regions and has undergone changes in polyploid oat subgenomes.

Centromeres are the specialized regions of the chromosomes that direct faithful chromosome segregation during cell division. Despite their functional conservation, centromeres display features of rapidly evolving DNA and wide evolutionary diversity in size and organization. Previous work found that the noncanonical B-form DNA structures are abundant in the centromeres of several eukaryotic species with a possible implication for centromere specification.

Autoploid origin and rapid diploidization of the tetraploid Thinopyrum elongatum revealed by genome differentiation and chromosome pairing in meiosis.

Polyploidy is a common mode of evolution in flowering plants. Both the natural tetraploid Thinopyrum elongatum and the diploid one from the same population show a diploid-like pairing in meiosis. However, debate on the chromosome composition and origin of the tetraploid Th.

Multi-Omics Profiling Identifies Candidate Genes Controlling Seed Size in Peanut.

Seed size is the major yield component and a key target trait that is selected during peanut breeding. However, the mechanisms that regulate peanut seed size are unknown. Two peanut mutants with bigger seed size were isolated in this study by Co treatment of a common peanut landrace, Huayu 22, and were designated as the "big seed" mutant lines ().

Chromosomal instability and phenotypic variation in a specific lineage derived from a synthetic allotetraploid wheat.

Newly formed plant allopolyploids usually have meiosis defect, resulting in chromosomal instability manifested as variation in chromosome number and/or structure. However, not all nascent allopolyploids are equally unstable. The wheat group () contains 13 diploid species with distinct genome types.

Wheat genomic study for genetic improvement of traits in China.

Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a major crop that feeds 40% of the world's population. Over the past several decades, advances in genomics have led to tremendous achievements in understanding the origin and domestication of wheat, and the genetic basis of agronomically important traits, which promote the breeding of elite varieties.

Distribution, Polymorphism and Function Characteristics of the GST-Encoding in .

Encoding a glutathione S-transferase (GST) and conferring resistance to Fusarium head blight (FHB), was successfully isolated from the newly assembled genome by researchers, with blasting searches revealing that gained through horizontal gene transfer from an endophytic species. On the contrary, our molecular evidence reveals that the homologs of are distributed commonly in . Other than , the homologs were also detected in four other genera, , , and , respectively.

Centromeres: From chromosome biology to biotechnology applications and synthetic genomes in plants.

Centromeres are the genomic regions that organize and regulate chromosome behaviours during cell cycle, and their variations are associated with genome instability, karyotype evolution and speciation in eukaryotes. The highly repetitive and epigenetic nature of centromeres were documented during the past half century. With the aid of rapid expansion in genomic biotechnology tools, the complete sequence and structural organization of several plant and human centromeres were revealed recently.