Apoferritin-Cu(II) Nanoparticles Induce Oncosis in Multidrug-Resistant Colon Cancer Cells.

Multidrug resistance (MDR) limits the application of clinical chemotherapeutic drugs. There is an urgent need to develop non-apoptosis-inducing agents that circumvent drug resistance. Herein, four therapeutic copper complexes encapsulated in natural nanocarrier apoferritin (AFt-Cu1-4) are reported.

oxidative polymerization of platinum(iv) prodrugs in pore-confined spaces of CaCO nanoparticles for cancer chemoimmunotherapy.

Drug resistance and metastases are the leading causes of death in clinics. To overcome this limitation, there is an urgent need for new therapeutic agents and drug formulations that are able to therapeutically intervene by non-traditional mechanisms. Herein, the physical adsorption and oxidative polymerization of Pt(iv) prodrugs in pore-confined spaces of CaCO nanoparticles is presented, and the nanomaterial surface was coated with DSPE-PEG-Biotin to improve aqueous solubility and tumor targeting.

Recent progress in metal complexes functionalized nanomaterials for photodynamic therapy.

Metal complexes have shown promise as photosensitizers for cancer diagnosis and therapeutics. However, the vast majority of metal photosensitizers are not ideal and associated with several limitations including pharmacokinetic limitations, off-target toxicity, fast systemic clearance, poor membrane permeability, and hypoxic tumour microenvironments. Metal complex functionalized nanomaterials have the potential to construct multifunctional systems, which not only overcome the above defects of metal complexes but are also conducive to modulating the tumour microenvironment (TME) and employing combination therapies to boost photodynamic therapy (PDT) efficacy.

Synthesis and evaluation of four novel nitrogen-heterocyclic ruthenium polypyridyl complexes as photosensitizers for one and two-photon photodynamic therapy.

Four novel PSs (photosensitizers) of nitrogen-heterocyclic ruthenium polypyridyl complexes Ru(dip)(-pipppz)(PF) (Ru1) (dip = 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline; -pipppz = 1-(4-aldehydephenyl)-3-(pyridazyl-2-yl)-1-pyrazole), Ru(dip)(-pipp) (PF) (Ru2) (-pipp = 1-(4-aldehydephenyl)-3-(pyrid-2-yl)-1-pyrazole), Ru(dip)(-pipp)(PF) (Ru3) (-pipp = 1-(4-aldehydephenyl)-3-(pyrid-3-yl)-1-pyrazole) and Ru(dip)(-pipp)(PF) (Ru4) (-pipp = 1-(4-aldehydephenyl)-3-(pyrid-4-yl)-1-pyrazole) were reported, and the photodynamic activities of these complexes were studied on 2D and 3D HeLa cancer models. The longest visible absorption wavelength of these complexes was approximately 622 nm. The four Ru(II) complexes show preferable photodynamic activity and low dark toxicity (0.

A mitochondria-localized iridium(iii) photosensitizer for two-photon photodynamic immunotherapy against melanoma.

Conventional photodynamic therapy mainly causes a therapeutic effect on the primary tumor through the localized generation of reactive oxygen species, while metastatic tumors remain poorly affected. Complementary immunotherapy is effective in eliminating small, non-localized tumors distributed across multiple organs. Here, we report the Ir(iii) complex Ir-pbt-Bpa as a highly potent immunogenic cell death inducing photosensitizer for two-photon photodynamic immunotherapy against melanoma.

Recent Progress in Photodynamic Immunotherapy with Metal-Based Photosensitizers.

Cancer ranks as a leading cause of death. There is an urgent need to develop minimally invasive methods to eradicate tumors and prevent their recurrence. As a light-driven modality, photodynamic therapy takes advantage of high tumor selectivity and low normal tissue damage.

A Biodegradable Iridium(III) Coordination Polymer for Enhanced Two-Photon Photodynamic Therapy Using an Apoptosis-Ferroptosis Hybrid Pathway.

The clinical application of photodynamic therapy is hindered by the high glutathione concentration, poor cancer-targeting properties, poor drug loading into delivery systems, and an inefficient activation of the cell death machinery in cancer cells. To overcome these limitations, herein, the formulation of a promising Ir complex into a biodegradable coordination polymer (IrS NPs) is presented. The nanoparticles were found to remain stable under physiological conditions but deplete glutathione and disintegrate into the monomeric metal complexes in the tumor microenvironment, causing an enhanced therapeutic effect.

Photodecaging of a Mitochondria-Localized Iridium(III) Endoperoxide Complex for Two-Photon Photoactivated Therapy under Hypoxia.

Despite the clinical success of photodynamic therapy (PDT), the application of this medical technique is intrinsically limited by the low oxygen concentrations found in cancer tumors, hampering the production of therapeutically necessary singlet oxygen (O). To overcome this limitation, we report on a novel mitochondria-localized iridium(III) endoperoxide prodrug (), which, upon two-photon irradiation in NIR, synergistically releases a highly cytotoxic iridium(III) complex (), singlet oxygen, and an alkoxy radical. was found to be highly (photo-)toxic in hypoxic tumor cells and multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTS) in the nanomolar range.

Ruthenium(II) complexes coordinated to graphitic carbon nitride: Oxygen self-sufficient photosensitizers which produce multiple ROS for photodynamic therapy in hypoxia.

The photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer is limited by tumor hypoxia as PDT efficiency depends on O concentration. A novel oxygen self-sufficient photosensitizer (Ru-g-CN) was therefore designed and synthesized via a facile one-pot method in order to overcome tumor hypoxia-induced PDT resistance. The photosensitizer is based on [Ru(bpy)] coordinated to g-CN nanosheets by Ru-N bonding.

Autophagy-Dependent Apoptosis Induced by Apoferritin-Cu(II) Nanoparticles in Multidrug-Resistant Colon Cancer Cells.

Chemotherapy continues to be the most commonly applied strategy for cancer. Despite the impressive clinical success obtained with several drugs, increasing numbers of (multi)drug-resistant tumors are reported. To overcome this shortcoming, novel drug candidates and delivery systems are urgently needed.

Nano-assembly of ruthenium(II) photosensitizers for endogenous glutathione depletion and enhanced two-photon photodynamic therapy.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising noninvasive cancer treatment. PDT in the clinic faces several hurdles due to the unique tumor environment, a feature of which is high levels of glutathione (GSH). An excess amount of GSH consumes reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by photosensitizers (PSs), reducing PDT efficiency.

Rational design of a lysosome-targeting and near-infrared absorbing Ru(ii)-BODIPY conjugate for photodynamic therapy.

A Ru(ii)-BODIPY conjugate has been rationally designed and exhibits an intense absorption in the NIR region to boost lysosome-targeted PDT in vitro and in vivo. The advantages of Ru(ii) and BODIPY were successfully instilled into the conjugate to yield highly effective PDT efficacy against malignant melanoma A375 cells (PI = 3448) and A375 mice xenografts.

Water-Dispersible Prussian Blue Hyaluronic Acid Nanocubes with Near-Infrared Photoinduced Singlet Oxygen Production and Photothermal Activities for Cancer Theranostics.

Design and development of photosensitizers that can efficiently convert energy of near-infrared (NIR) laser irradiation are of major importance for cancer photoassisted therapeutics. Herein, for the first time, it is demonstrated that Prussian blue (PB), a classic coordination compound, can act as a novel photosensitizer with efficient generation of singlet oxygen and excellent photothermal conversion via NIR photoirradiation-induced energy transfer. After modification with hyaluronic acid (HA), the as-prepared HA-modified PB nanocubes (HA@PB) are highly dispersible in aqueous and physiological solutions, as well as show excellent photothermal/photodynamic activities under NIR (808 nm) photoexcitation.