Current Status, Diagnosis, and Treatment Recommendation for Tic Disorders in China.

Tic disorders (TD) are a group neuropsychiatric disorders with childhood onset characterized by tics, i.e. repetitive, sudden, and involuntary movements or vocalizations; and Tourette syndrome (TS) is the most severe form of TD.

Asymmetric Slow-Spike-Wave Patterns with Maximal Discharges Contralateral to MRI Lesions Predict Better Surgical Prognosis in Symptomatic Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome or Lennox-Gastaut Phenotypes.

Introduction: Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS) is a severe subtype of childhood-onset epileptic encephalopathy with drug-resistant and poor surgical prognosis. However, electroencephalogram (EEG) patterns of symptomatic LGS or LG phenotypes with structural brain lesions including focal abnormalities or asymmetric slow-spike-wave (SSW) patterns remain largely unknown. Due to the contradictory lateralization difference between MRI lesions and EEG pattern in symptomatic LGS or LG phenotypes, it is difficult to determine the precise lateralization of epileptic lesions, which is crucial to better surgical prognosis.

Efficacy of levetiracetam in electrical status epilepticus during sleep of children: a multicenter experience.

Background: Electrical status epilepticus during sleep is characterized by epilepsy, a specific electroencephalographic pattern, and neuropsychological impairment. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of levetiracetam in treating children with electrical status epilepticus during sleep.

Methods: A multicenter, retrospective, open-label study enrolled 73 children (mean age: 8 years) affected by electrical status epilepticus during sleep.

Surgical treatment for epilepsy in 17 children with tuberous sclerosis-related West syndrome.

The efficacy of surgery for the treatment of epilepsy in patients with West syndrome secondary to tuberous sclerosis is unclear. The charts of 17 patients with tuberous sclerosis and secondary West syndrome who underwent a one-stage surgical resection with a combined palliative operative procedure were reviewed. Engel classification was used to classify the patients with regard to seizure status following surgery.

[Experimental study on the damage of immature brain induced by chronic treatment with exogenous glucocorticosteroid].

Objective: To explore the possibility of brain damage induced by exogenous glucocorticosteroid (GC) at therapeutic level during early life.

Method: Totally 192 healthy Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were selected and divided into three groups including PD7, PD15 and PD60 corresponding to three age-groups in human, i.e.

[Activated factor of immature neurons for excessive apoptosis induced by exogenous glucocorticosteroid].

Objective: To confirm the key inducing factor of excessive apoptosis in immature brain under the exposure of exogenous glucocorticosteroid and observe the characteristics of mitochondrial oxidative stress and intracellular [Ca(2+)]i overload as compared to healthy adult rats.

Methods: A total of 192 healthy Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats selected for the study were divided into three groups including PD7, PD15 and PD60 corresponding human age stages including full-term newborn, one-year infant and adult respectively. To mimic the therapeutic regime for infantile spasms, 8 rats in each group was treated with prednisone (6 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1)), ACTH (150 U x m(-2) x d(-1)), normal saline for 4 days and drug withdrawal for 3 weeks.

[Establishment of animal model of myoclonus originating from axis of cortex-thalamus].

Objective: To develop a series of experimental animal models of myoclonus with different origins consistent with myoclonus seizure in clinic setting.

Methods: GABA(A) antagonist SR95531 was microinjected into the primary motor cortex (PMC), corpus striatum, nucleus reticular of the thalamus (NRT) to induce myoclonus (EMG burst of myoclonus View Article and Find Full Text PDF

[Polyneuro-electrophysiological studies of myoclonus in children].

Objective: To explore the clinical and neuroelectrophysiological characteristics of myoclonus of different origins in children.

Method: Thirty-two children with myoclonic seizure were analyzed by video electroencephalogram-electromyogram (VEEG-EMG) polygraphic recordings, jerk-locked back averaging (JLA) and short latency somatosensory evoked potential (SSEP). They were classified into cortical myoclonus (CM), subcortical myoclonus (SCM), and unidentified group according to their generating locations, and also were classified into epileptic and non-epileptic myoclonus based on their different properties.

[Peripheral nerve damage and its pathogenesis induced by antiepileptic drugs in rats].

Objective: To explore the possibility of peripheral nerve damage induced by antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in different age rats and its pathogenesis.

Methods: Adult (2-month-old) and infant (7-day-old) rats were divided into 8 groups (n = 16 in each) and treated with the following 7 AEDs respectively: phenytoin [PHT, 62.5 mg/(kgxd)], phenobarbital [PB, 30.

Evaluation of open-label topiramate as primary or adjunctive therapy in infantile spasms.

Objective: A multicenter open-label clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the clinical usefulness of topiramate (TPM) as primary or adjunctive therapy for infantile spasms in the postmarketing period in China.

Methods: Thirty-four centers participated in the trial. Patients included in the study had 1 or more seizures per day before treatment.

[Experimental study on the chitosan-DNA vaccines against campylobacter jejuni invasion].

Objective: The immunogenicity and protective efficacy of an experimental Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) chitosan-DNA vaccines were evaluated in mice.

Methods: The chitosan-DNA vaccines were prepared by embedding pcDNA3.

[Experimental study on the possibility of brain damage induced by chronic treatment with phenobarbital, clonazepam, valproic acid and topiramate in immature rats].

Objective: To explore the possibility of brain damage induced by several anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) at therapeutic level to immature brain of rat.

Methods: Totally 160 healthy Spraque-Dawley (SD) rats selected for the study were divided into infant and adult groups. Each age group was treated with phenobarbital (PB), clonazepam (CZP), valproic acid (VPA), topiramate (TPM) or normal saline respectively for 2 or 5 weeks with 8 rats in each group.

[Clinical and polyneuroelectrophysiological characteristics of infantile spasm].

Objective: To explore the characteristics of various seizure types in infantile spasm (IS) and to recognize the clinical and electrophysiological differences among spasm, myoclonic and tonic seizures.

Methods: Totally 681 seizures of 8 infants with IS were analyzed, including 20 episodes of non-cortical myoclonus which were finally ruled out by video-electroencephalogram-electromyogram polygraphic recordings (VEEG-EMG) and off-line analysis of jerk-locked back averaging (JLA). As a control, the data of 58 myoclonic seizures collected from an infant with Aicardi syndrome within two months before his typical clinical presentations of IS were also analyzed.

The sialic acid residue is a crucial component of C. jejuni lipooligosaccharide ganglioside mimicry in the induction Guillain-Barré syndrome.

Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is an autoimmune neuropathy that often follows C. jejuni infection. Sialic acid (N-acetylneuraminic acid, NANA) is a common constituent of lipooligosaccharide (LOS).

Carbohydrate mimicry of Campylobacter jejuni lipooligosaccharide is critical for the induction of anti-GM1 antibody and neuropathy.

The expression of ganglioside-mimicking structures of Campylobacter jejuni lipooligosaccharides (LOS) is considered essential for the induction of antiganglioside antibodies that lead to Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). The galE gene in C. jejuni is involved in the biosynthesis of the LOS outer-core oligosaccharide structures.

[Immunopathological evidence of terminal residues containing sialic acid in Campylobacter jejuni lipopolysaccharide as the critical antigen to induce peripheral neuropathy].

Objective: To explore the important role of the terminal residues containing sialic acid (SA) in Campylobacter jejuni (CJ) lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as the critical antigen to induce nerve damage, and also to identify immunopathological evidence for the hypothesis of molecular mimicry and cross-immunity between CJ LPS and gangliosides.

Methods: A mutant of Pen O:19 CJ with neuB1 gene inactivated and LPS outer core terminal residues losing SA was to be constructed. PCR and RT-PCR were used to confirm the mutant.

[Age difference of the activation of apoptotic cascade reaction following LiCl-pilocarpine status epilepticus].

Objective: To explore the age character of the activity of Caspase 3 and neuron death induced by LiCl-pilocarpine status epilepticus.

Methods: LiCl-pilocarpine was injected into healthy infant rats (19 days) and adult rats (2-3 months) subcutaneously and intra-abdominally to evoke status epilepticus (SE). First, the age difference of the seizure was used to measure the sensitivity of seizure.

[Animal and clinical studies on rectal administration of a mixed solution of ibuprofen and diazepam].

Objective: Seizure is a common emergency in children with complicated pathogeny. Seizures are usually caused by complicated etiology and fever and febrile seizure are the commonest causes. Repeated and permanent seizures can damage the brain.

[Comparative study on the role of parent Campylobacter jejuni and galE mutant in inducing experimental peripheral nerve damage].

Objective: A comparative study on the role of Campylobacter jejuni (CJ) HB9313 and galE mutant in inducing experimental sciatic nerve damage was conducted in guinea pigs in order to explore whether CJ lipo-oligosaccharide (LOS) is critical component associated with peripheral nerve lesions and find experimental evidence for the presumption of molecular mimicry on the pathogenesis of Guillain-Barre syndromes (GBS) with CJ antecedent infection.

Methods: A total of 32 guinea pigs were randomly divided into four groups: parental strain group (n = 10), galE mutant group (n = 10), control group (n = 6) and PBS group (n = 6), and immunized with the whole cell antigens of CJ HB9313 with Freund's adjuvant (FA), the whole cell antigens of galE mutant (without ganglioside-like structure) with FA, PBS with FA, and PBS alone, respectively. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was employed to detect anti-LOS and anti-ganglioside GM1 antibodies in sera of these animals, and comparative morphologic studies of pathologic changes were carried out on the sciatic nerves, including examination of teasing fibers, examination of semithin sections made from epon-embedded tissue blocks under light microscope and transmission electron microscope.