[Revista Médica del IMSS: Institutional heritage and Important reference].

In a context that has tended towards globalization, in which obtaining economic resources is usually the driving force of societies, information resources have frequently been treated as private goods for which one must pay. A strategy for the above has been open and free access to information, a factor of great importance for the construction of more open media.

Application of artificial neural networks in assigned leadership and academic success in medical graduates.

Objective: To apply an artificial neural networks analysis (ANN) model to identify variables that predict assigned leadership and academic success in graduates of six generations of medical school.

Method: Analytical, retrospective, comparative study. A total of 1434 graduates participated.

[Farewell to a great doctor and extraordinary believer, creator of Quality of Care: Dr. Héctor Aguirre Gas].

From these lines a farewell is expressed to Dr. Héctor Gerardo Aguirre Gas, excellent doctor and great exponent of the Quality of Medical Care and Patient Safety, trained and servant in the medical services of the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), noble companion and friend. A man with universal ethical values and a straight and humble figure, active and bold behavior, committed to serving others.

[First steps of medical administration at the IMSS].

The creation of an institution as large as the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) required a lot of planning to manage all the benefits provided to the population. Thus, it is necessary to have health personnel with knowledge and experience in health services administration. This manuscript is an acknowledgment to doctors Manuel Barquín Calderón, Antonio Ríos Vargas and Carlos Zamarripa Torres, pioneers and recognized protagonists in the planning and organization (administration) of the IMSS medical services between 1945 and 1955, who also had rational initiatives and constructive, doing their duty.

[In memory of the first editor of the Revista Médica del IMSS].

This article is dedicated to the memory of doctor Francisco Olvera Esnaurrizar (1929-2019), first editor of the Revista Médica del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social -Medical Journal of the Mexican Institute for Social Security- (1962-1973).

Characteristics among six generations of medicine graduates.

Background: Medical graduates follow-up programs allow the improvement of the curriculum of the Medicine career. Through identifying opportunity areas and strengthening points, institutions become increasingly competitive.

Objective: Identify the socio-demographic, formative, labor insertion and satisfaction characteristics among six generations of graduates of the Medical School of the Faculty of Medicine of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (2004-2009).

Management of medical care, a fundamental tool for resident doctors.

In the area of medical education, and particularly in our country, medical residencies are the best educational programs for a graduated physicians; however, when young medical doctors begin a residence at hospitals, they hardly possess knowledge about the way medical services work as well as the processes they involve, which directly affects the fulfillment of their tasks, their process of learning and more importantly, it interferes in the services provided by the hospital. Therefore, it is imperative to immerse residents in the management of medical care and let them know that its main function is to harmoniously articulate every medical-administrative process related to patients as well as human, material and financial resources. One of the main goals is to achieve the fulfillment of the hospital's mission and vision with operational efficiency and humanism.

[Management of medical care, a fundamental tool for resident doctors].

In the area of medical education, and particularly in our country, medical residencies are the best educational programs for a graduated physicians; however, when young medical doctors begin a residence at hospitals, they hardly poses knowledge about the way medical services work as well as the processes they involve, which directly affects the fulfillment of their tasks, their process of learning and more importantly, it interferes in the services provided by the hospital. Therefore, it is imperative to immerse residents in the management of medical care and let them know that its main function is to harmoniously articulate every medical-administrative process related to patients as well as human, material and financial resources. One of the main goals is to achieve the fulfillment of the hospital's mission and vision with operational efficiency and humanism.

[Developments in medical units. 1915].

In 1915 the political, economic, and social instability initiated the destruction of medical units; they had no administrative bases and they lacked the resources. However, needs encouraged that structures arose to meet the wounded, fractured, and traumatized, called “blood” hospitals and so-called crosses and sanitary trains.

[Four stages in the history of the Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI of the IMSS].

This document presents four stages in the history of the Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI (Centro Médico Nacional XXI Century) of the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. The first stage started at the end of the third decade of the twentieth century and ended in 1961, it corresponded to the conception, planning and construction of what was to be the Centro Médico del Distrito Federal (Centro Médico of the Distrito Federal) belonging to the Secretaría de Salubridad y Asistencia (Ministry of Health and Assistance). The second stage began when the Center was acquired by the Institute, then was known like Centro Médico Nacional (Centro Médico Nacional ), being put into full operation in 1963, more than twenty-two years later, in 1985, an earthquake virtually ended it, immediately began its reconstruction, finishing the second stage.

[The dimension of the paradigm of complexity in health systems].

This article presents elements to better understand health systems from the complety paradigm, innovative perspective that offers other ways in the conception of the scientific knowledge prevalent away from linear, characterized by the arise of emerging dissociative and behaviors, based on the intra and trans-disciplinarity concepts such knowledges explain and understand in a different way what happens in the health systems with a view to efficiency and effectiveness. The complexity paradigm means another way of conceptualizing the knowledge, is different from the prevalent epistemology, is still under construction does not separate, not isolated, is not reductionist, or fixed, does not solve the problems, but gives other bases to know them and study them, is a different strategy, a perspective that has basis in the systems theory, informatics and cybernetics beyond traditional knowledge, the positive logics, the newtonian physics and symmetric mathematics, in which everything is centered and balanced, joint the "soft sciences and hard sciences", it has present the Social Determinants of Health and organizational culture. Under the complexity paradigm the health systems are identified with the following concepts: entropy, neguentropy, the thermodynamic second law, attractors, chaos theory, fractals, selfmanagement and self-organization, emerging behaviors, percolation, uncertainty, networks and robusteness; such expressions open new possibilities to improve the management and better understanding of the health systems, giving rise to consider health systems as complex adaptive systems.

[Seventy years of medicine in the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social].

The purpose of these lines is to remember and refer some of the historical landmarks in the evolution of the medical services of the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS, according to its initials in Spanish) since it was founded, in 1943. We also want to bring to the reader's attention that the dimensions and impacts on health that IMSS has achieved, throughout its history, have strengthened the citizenship, as well as social sustainability. Also, those impacts have determined the creation and the reinforcement of human capital in México.

[The approach of sciences of complexity in health services administration].

Historically, health services administration has been managed under a Taylorist, Fayolist, humanist and bureaucratic focus approach. However, today dynamic and competitive behaviors that require others approaches in management are developing. Because of the social, scientific and technological changes that are occurring, it is necessary to abandon hierarchical and authoritarian schemes, "up and down" lines, prescriptive rules and order line up must be left behind.

[Good and bad times of Mexican Hospitals towards 1910].

This paper presents the situation of the Mexican hospitals from 1910 to 1920, times of the Mexican Revolution at that time the country had 15 million inhabitants. After the Revolution there were 14 million, the reduction casualities caused deaths by the armed movement, infected-contagious diseases and hunger. In the previous years to the Revolution during the government of Porfirio Díaz, Mexico had public hospitals (originated in the vice-royalty), non profit hospitals, private hospitals, military hospitals, for the railroad workers, and hospitals for miners.

[Historical analysis of the hospital bed].

Until now the bed has been the basic physical resource in hospitals. This type of furniture has served to study and treat patients, through out the centuries it has undergone changes in the materials they are made of dimensions, functionality, accessories, aesthetic, and design. The hospital bed history is not well known, there are thousands of documents about the evolution of hospitals, but not enough is known about hospital beds, a link between the past and the present.

[Ethical "flashes" of medical care management].

This document demonstrates in a simple way the depth and variety of ethical topics in medical care management, which are subjects not often addressed. Every medical administrator should be aware that all actions and decisions have ethical dimensions. Ethics applies to management of medical services according to honesty, transparency and decency.

[A brief historical account of IMSS hospital in Orizaba, Veracruz].

In 1947, Orizaba City was chosen, due its political, economic and labor importance, for the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) to establish its health service in Veracruz State. At the beginning, hospital care was rented out at the Hospital Civil "Ignacio de la Llave." In 1959 a hospital was specifically constructed and had 280 beds.

[Historical exploration of Acapulco hospitals, Guerrero, Mexico].

This study attempts to recount the history of the main hospitals of the port of Acapulco from colonial times until the end of the 20th century. The Augustine friars began hospital care at the end of the first part of the 16th century. Later, Bernardino Alvarez (1514?-1584), with the support of the Spanish crown, founded the first formal hospital in Acapulco called Hospital de Nuestra Señora de la Consolación (Our Lady of Consolation Hospital).

[Profiles and remains of the first hospital in America: the Hospital San Nicolás de Bari, in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic].

The first hospital services in America were created in the Dominican Republic--formerly known as the Espariola--by a black woman at the beginning of the Conquest. In 1503 fray Nicolá de Ovando, second governor of the Española built what nowadays would be considered a hospital and named it Hospital San Nicolás de Bari (Saint Nicholas Hospital). During the Colony, the poor and sick were cared for following the precepts of the Catholic religion in the San Nicolas de Bari Hospital.

[The first three hospitals in Oaxaca City, Mexico].

The first hospitals of Oaxaca City were San Cosme and San Damián Hospital, Santa Caterina Hospital, and Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe Hospital; the foundation and operation of the hospitals were linked to the Catholic Church. The hospitals were created during colonial times. The hospitals disappeared at the end of the XVIII century and the beginning of the XIX century due to financial problems, political situations and disgrace of the religious orders.

[Brief history of hospital care in Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico].

This paper presents the history of hospital care in Tapachula, Chiapas. Hospital services began 100 years ago. At present there is one government hospital, hospitals of the Social Security systems, private hospitals and one hospital of the Mexican Red Cross.