Background: Waterpipe tobacco smoking (WTS) is an issue all over the world, although it is particularly prevalent in the Middle East, and Southeast Asia. The genotoxic effects of smoking were reported to be associated with nucleus abnormalities such as micronuclei (MN), karyorrhexis (KR), karyolysis, pyknosis, binucleates, broken eggs, condensed chromatin in exfoliated buccal mucosal cells, and was believed to be associated with apoptosis of cells and was not correlated to the exposure time.
Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of cigarette and WTS on buccal mucosa.