The relation between functional deficits, motor and sensory conduction times and MRI findings in syringomyelia.

Opinions about the relation between the dimensions of the syrinx and the severity and distribution of symptoms in patients with syringomyelia are controversial. Therefore, this study investigates the relation of clinical symptoms, a disability score, quantified (1- and 2-dimensional) radiological findings (magnetic resonance imaging, MRI) and electrophysiological data (somatosensory and motor evoked potentials) in 22 patients with syringomyelia. There was a close relation between clinical symptoms and electrophysiological data.

Characteristic EEG findings in childhood moyamoya syndrome.

Moyamoya syndrome-specific alterations of EEG recordings are only observed in children. These consist of a gradual frequency decrease and amplitude activation after hyperventilation. This is referred to as re-build-up phenomenon.

Functional and morphological deficits in late-treated patients with homocystinuria: a clinical, electrophysiologic and MRI study.

Seven late-treated patients between the ages of 10-30 years suffering from homocystinuria were examined clinically and electrophysiologically; four had MRI. The clinical examination showed extrapyramidal features and slight impairment of proprioception. Electrophysiological evaluation revealed normal results in the acoustic and central motor system; a minor, possibly vitamin B6 related, sensory neuropathy was detected by peripheral conduction studies.

[MRT of the hypophysis: spin echo 2D or gradient echo 3D?].

Diagnostic efficacy of T1-weighted 3D gradient-echo and 2D spin-echo pulse sequences in the detection of adenomas were evaluated in a ROC study of 50 patients. Sensitivity, specificity and accuracy did not differ significantly, but in direct comparison gradient-echo received a clear lower rating due to susceptibility artifacts, lower signal-to-noise ratio, and inferior periglandular contrasts. Additional lesions could not be reliably detected in gradient-echo imaging at 1 mm slice thickness.

Disturbed myelination in patients with treated hyperphenylalaninaemia: evaluation with magnetic resonance imaging.

Cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed in nine treated adolescents with hyperphenylalaninaemia (HPA) in order to analyse possible changes in myelination. Three patients suffered from type I HPA, four from type II and two from type III (persistent HPA). Images were obtained with a 1.

Multifactorial genesis of neuroradiological "leucoencephalopathies.".

Three cases of neuroradiologically diagnosed "leucoencephalopathy" are reported. Histopathological examination disclosed Binswanger's encephalopathy in Case 1, congophilic angiopathy with secondary leucoencephalopathy in Case 2, and HIV encephalopathy with secondary white matter changes in Case 3. These three cases demonstrate the unspecificity of neuroradiological findings in "leucoencephalopathy".

[The MR tomographic findings in cranial manifestations of neurofibromatosis].

Twelve patients with central neurofibromatosis underwent MR examination of the head. Among these, chiasma glioma was the most common CNS tumour (6/12). Seven patients had multifocal areas of increased T2-signal without mass effect predominantly involving the region of the basal ganglia.

[The use of rapid sequences in craniocerebral MR diagnosis].

MRI of the head is routinely performed with spin-echo sequences whereas gradient-echo sequences are still uncommon. Certain features of fast imaging sequences make them a promising tool for clinical investigations. The relative high signal-to-noise ratio/unit time demonstrates the usefulness of GE imaging as localising images.

[Characteristic EEG--findings in moyamoya syndrome in children: case report and overview].

Specific alterations of EEG tracings with Moyamoya syndrome are only observed in children. They consist in a gradual frequency decrease and amplitude activation after hyperventilation. This is referred to as re-build-up phenomenon.

[MR findings in patients with idiopathic panhypopituitarism].

High-resolution MR imaging was performed in seven patients with pituitary dwarfism and panhypopituitarism. In five cases MR-findings included absence of the infundibulum and of the normal intrasellar posterior pituitary bright spot, and the presence of a small nodule at the median eminence. The absence of diabetes insipidus in these patients and the signal characteristics of the nodule at the median eminence suggest that the latter may represent a functioning ectopic posterior pituitary lobe.

Identification of sources of brain neuronal activity with high spatiotemporal resolution through combination of neuromagnetic source localization (NMSL) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

The locations of the origin of wave M100 of the auditory evoked magnetic field in response to tone bursts of different carrier frequencies, obtained through dipole localization methods (DLM), were related to cerebral structures, displayed by coronal MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) tomograms of the respective subjects. This was done by displaying the landmarks which served as reference for the neuromagnetic measurements in MRI tomogram (reference plane). All calculated source locations project exactly onto the transverse temporal gyri (Heschl) in which the primary auditory cortex, the supposed origin of wave M100, is located.

Functional deficits of central sensory and motor pathways in patients with cervical spinal stenosis: a study of SEPs and EMG responses to non-invasive brain stimulation.

The central conduction time of the descending and ascending fibers of the spinal cord were examined in patients with radiologically defined cervical spinal stenosis (antero-posterior diameter of the spinal canal less than 13 mm). Nineteen patients were examined, only 4 of whom showed clinical signs of spastic weakness or ataxia. The electromyographic response after non-invasive stimulation of the leg area of the motor cortex was delayed in 13 of the 15 clinically unaffected patients.

[Function of the long spinal cord pathways in cervical spinal stenosis--an electrophysiologic study].

Cervical spinal stenosis is radiologically defined by a reduced inner diameter (X less than 13 mm) of the cord canal and in most cases etiologically connected with spondylosis. The following study describes the results of non-invasive assessment of the long ascending and descending spinal tracts in 12 patients. The long ascending spinal tracts were examined by spinal and cortical SEP after stimulation of the tibial nerve; for the assessment of the descending spinal tracts motor responses of the tibial anterior muscle were recorded after non-invasive stimulation of the motor cortex.

[Mycoplasma pneumoniae encephalitis].

Clinical, CT and, in one case, autopsy findings indicated a diagnosis of a severe necrotising encephalitis in two patients. Although usually herpes simplex virus is blamed for this form of encephalitis, it was possible to prove in these two patients that Mycoplasma was the causative agent of the disease. It is concluded that this organism can produce a serious disease in the central nervous system similar to that caused by herpes simplex.

Magnetic resonance imaging of spinal cord hemangioblastomas and arteriovenous malformations.

Eight patients with either spinal cord hemangioblastomas (n = 5), spinal arteriovenous malformations (AVM) (n = 2) and intramedullary hematoma (n = 1) were studied by magnetic responance (MR) imaging. All hemangioblastomas, one AVM and the intramedullary hematoma were identified by MR. Compared with other neuroradiologic procedures, MR provided important complementary information in the diagnostic management of spinal hemangioblastomas and proved to be a useful method for noninvasive follow-up in these lesions.

[Intracranial forms of malignant lymphoma manifestations].

Approximately 10% of patients with malignant lymphoma will show neurological symptoms at some time during the course of their illness. In non-Hodgkin lymphoma, CNS involvement is more frequent than in Hodgkin's disease. Diffuse histiocytic and poorly differentiated lymphomas, bone marrow involvement, advanced tumor stage and hematogenous spread are particular risk factors.

[Roentgen diagnosis of the medial part of the base of the skull].

The median section of the base of the skull offers many diagnostic problems in radiology. Findings of the plain radiographs and tomographs, of computed tomography and angiography are demonstrated in cases of space-occupying growths of the sella region, lesions of the fossa temporalis and of the region of the pyramid of the medulla oblongata, from a differential diagnostic viewpoint. Sequelae of traumas are discussed separately.