Requirements and special considerations for drug trials with children across six jurisdictions: 2. Ethics review in the regulatory approval process.

Background: Conducting clinical drug trials (CTs) with children presents several challenges. A major challenge is the need to enroll participants at multiple sites across different jurisdictions. Recruiting the required number of children within a reasonable timeframe requires the study to be reviewed by Research Ethics Boards (REB) or Institutional Review Boards (IRB) at multiple sites across various jurisdictions.

Both free-living and parasitic nematodes induce a characteristic Th2 response that is dependent on the presence of intact glycans.

Infection with parasitic nematodes is characterized by the induction of a profound type 2 immune response. We have studied the role of glycans in the induction of the skewed type 2 response by antigens of the parasitic nematode Brugia malayi as well as the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Lymph node cells from BALB/c mice immunized with soluble extracts of the two nematodes showed distinct antigen-specific proliferation and cytokine production; however, both nematodes induced antigen-specific interleukin 4 (IL-4) production, demonstrating that the induction of a biased type 2 response is not unique to parasitic nematodes.