Wharton's Jelly mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles induce liver fibrosis-resolving phenotype in alternatively activated macrophages.

The potential of extracellular vesicles (EVs) isolated from mesenchymal stromal cells in guiding macrophages toward anti-inflammatory immunophenotypes, has been reported in several studies. In our study, we provided experimental evidence of a distinctive effect played by Wharton Jelly mesenchymal stromal cell-derived EVs (WJ-EVs) on human macrophages. We particularly analyzed their anti-inflammatory effects on macrophages by evaluating their interactions with stellate cells, and their protective role in liver fibrosis.

Extracellular vesicle-based formulation of doxorubicin: drug loading optimization, characterization, and cytotoxicity evaluation in tumor spheroids.

Doxorubicin (DOX) is a chemotherapeutic with considerable efficacy, but its application is limited due to cardiotoxicity. Nanoparticles can improve DOX efficacy and prevent its adverse effects. Herein, DOX-loaded extracellular vesicles (DOX-EVs) were prepared using different loading methods including incubation, electroporation, and sonication in different hydration buffers to permeabilize nanostructures or desalinize DOX for improved entrapment.

Proteomic profiling of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles: Impact of isolation methods on protein cargo.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanosized vesicles with a lipid bilayer that are secreted by cells and play a critical role in cell-to-cell communication. Despite the promising reports regarding their diagnostic and therapeutic potential, the utilization of EVs in the clinical setting is limited due to insufficient information about their cargo and a lack of standardization in isolation and analysis methods. Considering protein cargos in EVs as key contributors to their therapeutic potency, we conducted a tandem mass tag (TMT) quantitative proteomics analysis of three subpopulations of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived EVs obtained through three different isolation techniques: ultracentrifugation (UC), high-speed centrifugation (HS), and ultracentrifugation on sucrose cushion (SU).

Cell culture-derived extracellular vesicles: Considerations for reporting cell culturing parameters.

Cell culture-conditioned medium (CCM) is a valuable source of extracellular vesicles (EVs) for basic scientific, therapeutic and diagnostic applications. Cell culturing parameters affect the biochemical composition, release and possibly the function of CCM-derived EVs (CCM-EV). The CCM-EV task force of the Rigor and Standardization Subcommittee of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles aims to identify relevant cell culturing parameters, describe their effects based on current knowledge, recommend reporting parameters and identify outstanding questions.

Milk-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Biomedical Applications, Current Challenges, and Future Perspectives.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano to-micrometer-sized sacs that are released by almost all animal and plant cells and act as intercellular communicators by transferring their cargos between the source and target cells. As a safe and scalable alternative to conditioned medium-derived EVs, milk-derived EVs (miEVs) have recently gained a great deal of popularity. Numerous studies have shown that miEVs have intrinsic therapeutic actions that can treat diseases and enhance human health.

Proteomics provides insights into the theranostic potential of extracellular vesicles.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) encompass a diverse range of membranous structures derived from cells, including exosomes and microvesicles. These vesicles are present in biological fluids and play vital roles in various physiological and pathological processes. They facilitate intercellular communication by enabling the exchange of proteins, lipids, and genetic material between cells.

Amphotericin B-Loaded Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Enhancing Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Treatment through In Vitro and In Vivo Studies.

Background: Recent studies have shown an increasing number of patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) who do not respond to pentavalent antimonials as the first line of treatment for CL. Nanocarriers such as extracellular vesicles (EVs) are efficient vehicles that might be used as drug delivery systems for the treatment of diseases. Therefore, we aimed to isolate and characterize the EVs of , load them with Amphotericin B (AmB), and investigate the toxicity and efficacy of the prepared drug form.

Spinal Cord Injury Affects Gene Expression of Transmembrane Proteins in Tissue and Release of Extracellular Vesicle in Blood: In Silico and Analysis.

Objective: Spinal cord injury (SCI) can disrupt membrane transmission by affecting transmembrane channels or neurotransmitter release. This study aimed to explore gene expression changes of transmembrane proteins underlying SCI through bioinformatics approaches and confirming in SCI model in rats.

Materials And Methods: In this experimental study, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in acute and subacute SCI were obtained based on microarray data downloaded from the gene expression omnibus (GEO).

Plasma Extracellular Vesicle LncRNA H19 as a Potential Diagnostic Biomarker for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases.

Background: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a complex gastrointestinal disease with 2 main subtypes of Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), whose diagnosis mainly depends on the medical history, clinical symptoms, endoscopic, histologic, radiological, and serological findings. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are now considered an additional mechanism for intercellular communication, allowing cells to exchange biomolecules. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) that are enriched in EVs have been defined as an ideal diagnostic biomarker for diseases.

Sirolimus-loaded exosomes as a promising vascular delivery system for the prevention of post-angioplasty restenosis.

Restenosis remains the main reason for treatment failure of arterial disease. Sirolimus (SIR) as a potent anti-proliferative agent is believed to prevent the phenomenon. The application of exosomes provides an extended-release delivery platform for SIR intramural administration.

Immunomodulatory potential of human clonal mesenchymal stem cells and their extracellular vesicle subpopulations in an inflammatory-mediated diabetic Rhesus monkey model.

Aims: This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic potential of a homogenous clonal population of mesenchymal stem cells (cMSC) and their extracellular vesicles (cMSC-EV) subpopulations on isolated rat islets in vitro and in inflammatory-mediated type 1 diabetes (T1D) non-human primate models.

Main Methods: EV subpopulations were isolated from human bone marrow-derived cMSC supernatant by low- and high-speed ultracentrifuge (EV-20K and EV-U110K) and sucrose density gradient (EV-S110K). The EVs were characterized generally and for the level of albumin, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, co-isolate apoptotic markers, and expression of CD63/annexin V.

Allogenic mesenchymal stromal cells and their extracellular vesicles in COVID-19 induced ARDS: a randomized controlled trial.

Background And Aims: The main causes of death in patients with severe Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) are acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multiorgan failure caused by a severe inflammatory cascade. Novel treatment strategies, such as stem-cell-based therapy and their derivatives can be used to relieve inflammation in these cases. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of therapy using mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) and their derived extracellular vesicles in COVID-19 patients.

JAK/STAT3 pathway promotes proliferation of ovarian aggregate-derived stem cells in vitro.

Background: The accurate identification and isolation of ovarian stem cells from mammalian ovaries remain a major challenge because of the lack of specific surface markers and suitable in vitro culture systems. Optimized culture conditions for in vitro expansion of ovarian stem cells would allow for identifying requirements of these stem cells for proliferation and differentiation that would pave the way to uncover role of ovarian stem cells in ovarian pathophysiology. Here, we used three-dimensional (3D) aggregate culture system for enrichment of ovarian stem cells and named them aggregate-derived stem cells (ASCs).

Clonal mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles improve mouse model of weight drop-induced traumatic brain injury through reducing cistauosis and apoptosis.

Objective: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major risk factor for disabilities globally with no effective treatment thus far. Recently, homogenous population of clonal mesenchymal stem cells (cMSC) and their derived extracellular vesicles (cMSC-EVs) have been proposed as a promising TBI treatment strategy. We herein investigated possible therapeutic effect of cMSC-EVs in TBI treatment and the underlying mechanisms considering cis p-tau as an early hallmark of TBI.

Homogenous subpopulation of human mesenchymal stem cells and their extracellular vesicles restore function of endometrium in an experimental rat model of Asherman syndrome.

Background: Asherman syndrome (AS), or intrauterine adhesions, is a main cause of infertility in reproductive age women after endometrial injury. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their extracellular vesicles (EVs) are promising candidates for therapies that repair damaged endometria. However, concerns about their efficacy are attributed to heterogeneity of the cell populations and EVs.

Extracellular vesicles and their cells of origin: Open issues in autoimmune diseases.

The conventional therapeutic approaches to treat autoimmune diseases through suppressing the immune system, such as steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, are not adequately practical. Moreover, these regimens are associated with considerable complications. Designing tolerogenic therapeutic strategies based on stem cells, immune cells, and their extracellular vesicles (EVs) seems to open a promising path to managing autoimmune diseases' vast burden.

Extracellular vesicles as reconfigurable therapeutics for eye diseases: Promises and hurdles.

A large number of people worldwide suffer from visual impairment. However, most available therapies rely on impeding the development of a particular eye disorder. Therefore, there is an increasing demand for effective alternative treatments, specifically regenerative therapies.

Regenerative potential of different extracellular vesicle subpopulations derived from clonal mesenchymal stem cells in a mouse model of chemotherapy-induced premature ovarian failure.

Aims: Some studies have shown that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) can restore ovarian function in premature ovarian failure (POF), however, concerns about their efficacy are attributed to the heterogeneity of the cell populations and EVs. Here, we assessed the therapeutic potential of a homogeneous population of clonal MSCs (cMSCs) and their EVs subpopulations in a mouse model of POF.

Main Methods: Granulosa cells were treated with cyclophosphamide (Cy) in the absence or presence of cMSCs, or cMSCs-derived EV subpopulations (EV20K and EV110K, isolated by high-speed centrifugation and differential ultracentrifugation, respectively).

Assessment of the mixed origin of the gastric epithelial extracellular vesicles in acellular transfer of Helicobacter pylori toxins and a systematic review.

Background: H. pylori are generally considered as extracellular organisms, with exclusive colonization of the gastric milieu. Yet, several extra gastric manifestations are associated with this infection.