Establishing a Dose-Response Relationship Between Opioid Use and Hypogonadism: A Retrospective Case-Control Study.

Opioid-induced androgen deficiency (OPIAD) related to chronic, long-acting opioid use can be a significant detriment to patient quality of life. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between chronic opioid use and hypogonadism. A single-center, retrospective, matched case-control analysis of 357 males (94 cases, 263 controls, aiming for 1:4 matching) was performed.