Italian norms for the Freedman version of the Clock Drawing Test.

Background: The Clock Drawing Test (CDT) is a valid screening tool for the evaluation of cognitive decline. This study aimed to compute standardized norms for the Freedman version of the CDT in a population of 248 healthy Italian individuals aged from 20 to 89 years.

Method: The effects of age, education, and gender on performance were assessed.

Modified Card Sorting Test: normative data.

The Modified Card Sorting Test (MCST), a shortened version of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, proposed by Nelson in 1976 is a neuropsychological test that is widely used in clinical settings for the evaluation of executive functions in patients with focal, traumatic and degenerative brain diseases. Despite its frequent use, normative data for the MCST are scant. The aim of this study was to collect normative data for the MCST on a sample including 248 healthy individuals ranging from 20 to 90 years of age and equally distributed for education level and sex (124 males and 124 females).