Dry eye and cataract surgery: Narrative review and recommendations for management.

Cataract surgery is the most frequently performed surgical procedure in the elderly in Western countries and patients' expectations for postoperative outcomes are very high.Dry eye disease (DED) is a common multifactorial symptomatic disease of the ocular surface with a complex etiopathogenesis and a prevalence significantly increasing with age.Cataract surgery and DED have a complex relationship, which needs to be acknowledged, understood, and properly managed, as suggested by daily clinical experience and growing scientific evidence.

The Ocular Surface in Medically Controlled Glaucoma: An In Vivo Confocal Study.

Purpose: To study clinical and in vivo laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) ocular surface findings in stable, medically controlled primary open-angle glaucoma (MCPOAG) patients.

Methods: We recruited 100 consecutive patients with MCPOAG and 50 healthy controls. Patients had to have been treated with the same medical regimen without variation for the 18 months before enrollment and were excluded if there was a history of dry eye prior to glaucoma diagnosis.

The cornea in classic type Ehlers-Danlos syndrome: macro- and microstructural changes.

Purpose: To analyze in vivo corneal morphology and ultrastructural features in patients with classic Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS).

Methods: Fifty patients with classic EDS and 50 age- and sex-matched control subjects were studied. A clinical evaluation was made with the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire and a complete ophthalmic examination, including assessment of the best-corrected visual acuity and refraction, slit-lamp biomicroscopy, tear break-up time, intraocular pressure, Schirmer test without topical anesthesia, and corneal diameter.

The aging Meibomian gland: an in vivo confocal study.

Purpose: To evaluate age-related Meibomian gland (MG) changes by in vivo laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM).

Methods: Asymptomatic healthy subjects (n=100, age range 20-83 years) with an Ocular Surface Disease Index score of less than 13 were consecutively enrolled. Two additional groups, one composed of subjects under 40 years of age (n=12) and one composed of subjects over 65 years (n=12), were included without inclusion or exclusion criteria.

In vivo confocal evaluation of the ocular surface morpho-functional unit in dry eye.

Purpose: To study, by a new, integrated, laser scanning confocal microscopy approach, the ocular surface morpho-functional unit in patients with primary Sjogren syndrome (SSI), non-Sjogren syndrome dry eye (non-SSDE), and meibomian gland disease (MGD).

Methods: Patients and age- and sex-matched control subjects (N = 60; 15 each) were consecutively enrolled in a prospective case-control study. Laser scanning confocal microscopy was used to obtain simultaneous optical sampling of the ocular surface components: cornea, bulbar and tarsal conjunctiva, MGs, and eyelid margin.

In vivo confocal microscopy of meibomian glands in contact lens wearers.

Purpose: To evaluate by in vivo laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) the morphologic changes in the meibomian glands (MGs) and the status of periglandular inflammation in contact lens wearers (CLWs) and to investigate the correlations between clinical and confocal findings.

Methods: Twenty CLWs and 20 age- and sex-matched control subjects were consecutively enrolled. Each participant completed an Ocular Surface Disease Index questionnaire and underwent a full eye examination, including tear film break-up time, fluorescein and lissamine green staining, and Schirmer test.