Th17-Inducing Cytokines IL-6 and IL-23 Are Crucial for Granuloma Formation during Experimental Paracoccidioidomycosis.

Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), a chronic granulomatous disease caused by the thermally dimorphic fungus and , has the highest mortality rate among systemic mycosis. The T helper 1-mediated immunity is primarily responsible for acquired resistance during infection, while susceptibility is associated with Th2 occurrence. Th17 is a population of T CD4 cells that, among several chemokines and cytokines, produces IL-17A and requires the presence of IL-1, IL-6, and TGF-β for differentiation in mice and IL-23 for its maintenance.

CX3CR1 Disruption Differentially Influences Dopaminergic Neuron Degeneration in Parkinsonian Mice Depending on the Neurotoxin and Route of Administration.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons accompanied by an inflammatory reaction. The neuron-derived chemokine fractalkine (CX3CL1) is an exclusive ligand for the receptor CX3CR1 expressed on microglia. The CX3CL1/CX3CR1 signaling is important for sustaining microglial activity.

Six weeks of voluntary exercise don't protect C57BL/6 mice against neurotoxicity of MPTP and MPP(+).

Exercise improves the central nervous system (CNS) functions and is widely recommended for neurological patients with, e.g., Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease (PD).

5-Lipoxygenase activity increases susceptibility to experimental Paracoccidioides brasiliensis infection.

Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a systemic mycosis caused by the thermodimorphic fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Leukotrienes and lipoxins are lipid mediators produced after 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) activation that exhibit pro- and anti-inflammatory roles, respectively. Here, we have investigated the contribution of 5-LO enzymatic activity in PCM using an experimental model of P.

Carbohydrate-rich high-molecular-mass antigens are strongly recognized during experimental Histoplasma capsulatum infection.

Introduction: During histoplasmosis, Histoplasma capsulatum soluble antigens (CFAg) can be naturally released by yeast cells. Because CFAg can be specifically targeted during infection, in the present study we investigated CFAg release in experimental murine histoplasmosis, and evaluated the host humoral immune response against high-molecular-mass antigens (hMMAg. >150 kDa), the more immunogenic CFAg fraction.

CCR5-dependent regulatory T cell migration mediates fungal survival and severe immunosuppression.

Paracoccidioidomycosis, a debilitating pulmonary mycosis, is caused by the dimorphic fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. The infection results in the formation of granulomas containing viable yeast cells that are the fungal sources for disease reactivation. Because CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are in the lesions of patients with paracoccidioidomycosis, the migration of Treg cells is dependent on the axis chemokine-chemokine receptors, and CCR5 ligands are produced in P.