Relationships Between Cognitive and Driving Self-awareness in Older Drivers.

Objectives: Many older drivers incorrectly estimate their driving ability. The present study aimed to determine whether, and if so, to what extent unawareness of cognitive abilities affects self-awareness of driving ability.

Method: Two successive studies were conducted in older drivers.

Barriers and facilitators to social participation after driving cessation among older adults: A cohort study.

Background: Driving cessation is a challenging transition for older drivers. It is indeed often associated with reduced mobility, loss of autonomy and poor quality of life, as in individuals with acquired disabilities. We examined factors that inhibit or facilitate out-of-home occupations after driving cessation (shopping, visiting/helping friends/family, leisure, and associative activities) in older adults, with particular focus on the role of anticipation.

Naturalistic Driving Study Investigating Self-Regulation Behavior in Early Alzheimer's Disease: A Pilot Study.

Background: Because cognitive processes decline in the earliest stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD), the driving abilities are often affected. The naturalistic driving approach is relevant to study the driving habits and behaviors in normal or critical situations in a familiar environment of participants.

Objective: This pilot study analyzed in-car video recordings of naturalistic driving in patients with early-stage AD and in healthy controls, with a special focus on tactical self-regulation behavior.

Gender effect on driving cessation in pre-dementia and dementia phases: results of the 3C population-based study.

Objectives: Aging entails deterioration in sensory, physical, and cognitive functions, raising doubt in the driving capacity of older drivers, especially when the deficits are severe, as in dementia. Many older drivers, especially women, adapt their driving habits in order to compensate for these deficits and eventually stop driving. The present prospective study assessed driving cessation in men and women throughout the dementia process, including a 2-year pre-dementia phase.

Objective Level of Alertness and Inhibitory Control Predict Highway Driving Impairment in Adults With ADHD.

It remains unclear whether daytime impairments in ADHD patients are better explained by an altered level of alertness and/or by cognitive deficits. The aim of this study was to determine the respective contribution of these factors on driving performance in ADHD adults. ADHD adults ( = 39) and healthy controls ( = 18) underwent a nocturnal polysomnography (PSG) followed by a Maintenance of Wakefulness Test (MWT), a simulated driving task, and a neuropsychological evaluation.

[Car driving, cognitive aging and Alzheimer disease].

Older drivers are more numerous on the roads. They are expert drivers, but with increasing age certain physiological changes can interfere with driving, which is a complex activity of daily living. Older drivers are involved in fewer accidents than younger drivers, but they have a higher accident rate per kilometer driven.

Excessive daytime sleepiness in adult patients with ADHD as measured by the Maintenance of Wakefulness Test, an electrophysiologic measure.

Objective: To quantify the objective level of sleepiness in adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) patients and to determine the relationship between excessive daytime sleepiness and simulated driving performance.

Method: Forty adult ADHD patients (DSM-IV criteria) and 19 matched healthy control subjects were included between June 30, 2010, and June 19, 2013. All participants completed the Epworth Sleepiness Scale and the Manchester Driving Behavior Questionnaire.

Automobile driving in older adults: factors affecting driving restriction in men and women.

Objectives: To identify factors associated with driving restriction in elderly men and women.

Design: Prospective cohort study of French drivers from 2003 to 2009.

Setting: The Three-City Cohort of Bordeaux, a prospective study of 2,104 people aged 65 and older.

Restriction in instrumental activities of daily living in older persons: association with preferences for routines and psychological vulnerability.

Disabilities in the Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) are frequently observed in older adults. A restriction in the daily life activities in the elderly may be related to a process of routinization induced by homogenization of activities, in addition to its association with emotional states. The relationship between level of functional disability for IADLs and preferences for routines was explored in 207 non-demented French participants (Mage = 84.

Cognitive disorders and occupational exposure to organophosphates: results from the PHYTONER study.

The involvement of organophosphate insecticides in cognitive disorders is supported by epidemiologic and biological evidence, but the effects of long-term exposure remain debated. We studied the association between organophosphate exposure and cognitive performance in vine workers from the PHYTONER study cohort in the Bordeaux area of France. Results from interviews of 614 subjects conducted at the 4-year follow-up between 2001 and 2003 were analyzed.

Effectiveness of a Forward Collision Warning System in simple and in dual task from an electrophysiological perspective.

Forward Collision Warning Systems (FCWS) are expected to assist drivers; however, it is not completely clear whether these systems are of benefit to distracted drivers as much as they are to undistracted drivers. This study aims at investigating further the analysis of the effectiveness of a surrogate FCWS according to the attentional state of participants. In this experiment electrophysiological and behavioural data were recording while participants were required to drive in a simple car simulator and to react to the braking of the lead vehicle which could be announced by a warning system.

An electrophysiological study of the impact of a Forward Collision Warning System in a simulator driving task.

Driver distraction has been identified as the most important contributing factor in rear-end collisions. In this context, Forward Collision Warning Systems (FCWS) have been developed specifically to warn drivers of potential rear-end collisions. The main objective of this work is to evaluate the impact of a surrogate FCWS and of its reliability according to the driver's attentional state by recording both behavioral and electrophysiological data.

Video game performances are preserved in ADHD children compared with controls.

Objective: Although ADHD and excessive video game playing have received some attention, few studies have explored the performances of ADHD children when playing video games. The authors hypothesized that performances of ADHD children would be as good as those of control children in motivating video games tasks but not in the Continuous Performance Test II (CPT II).

Method: The sample consisted of 26 ADHD children and 16 control children.

Impact of time on task on ADHD patient's performances in a virtual classroom.

Background: Use of virtual reality tool is interesting for the evaluation of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) patients. The virtual environment offers the opportunity to administer controlled task like the typical neuropsychological tools, but in an environment much more like standard classroom. Previous studies showed that a virtual classroom was able to distinguish performances of children with and without ADHD, but the evolution of performances over time has not been explored.

Neurobehavioral effects of long-term exposure to pesticides: results from the 4-year follow-up of the PHYTONER study.

Objective: The aim of the PHYTONER study is to investigate the role of pesticides on neurobehavioral performances in French vineyard workers.

Methods: 929 workers affiliated to the health insurance system for farmers in the Bordeaux area of south-western France were enrolled in the study in 1997-1998. They were contacted for a first follow-up in 2001-2003.

The Wechsler Digit Symbol Substitution Test as the best indicator of the risk of impaired driving in Alzheimer disease and normal aging.

Aims: Our purpose was to identify cognitive tools associated with unsafe driving among elderly drivers of varying cognitive levels.

Methods: Twenty drivers with early-stage dementia of the Alzheimer type and 56 nondemented drivers aged 65-85 were recruited. Various cognitive processes were measured and unsafe driving was evaluated during an in-traffic road test with 3 different indicators and a composite indicator.

Exploring different routes of recovery from memory in Alzheimer's disease: evidence for preserved long-term priming.

Studies investigating implicit memory in Alzheimer's disease suggest that priming abilities disappear over time. This study investigates long-term priming in Alzheimer's disease. A total of 20 patients with Alzheimer's disease and 20 controls underwent the Free and Cued Selective Reminding test.

Driving cessation and self-reported car crashes in older drivers: the impact of cognitive impairment and dementia in a population-based study.

The complexity of driving activity has incited numerous developed countries to initiate evaluative procedures in elderly people, varying according to first evaluation age, frequency, and screening tools. The objective of this paper is to improve the knowledge of the driving cessation process regarding factors associated with crash involvement. Driving cessation and self-reported crashes during the past 5 years were analyzed with multivariate models, in a cross-sectional study including a population-based sample of 1051 drivers aged 65 years and more.

In vivo SPECT imaging of vesicular acetylcholine transporter using [(123)I]-IBVM in early Alzheimer's disease.

Introduction: Little is known about cholinergic activity in the early stage of Alzheimer's disease. We investigated differences in the distribution of vesicular acetylcholine transporter, using [(123)I]-iodobenzovesamicol ([(123)I]-IBVM) and Single Photon Computed Tomography (SPECT), in early AD and age-matched controls.

Materials And Methods: Sixteen subjects (8 controls, 8 AD) underwent [(123)I]-IBVM SPECT scanning, T1-weighted anatomic scan by Magnetic Resonance (MR) imaging and Mini-Mental State Evaluation (MMSE).

Amnestic syndrome of the medial temporal type identifies prodromal AD: a longitudinal study.

Objective: To compare the power of tests assessing different cognitive domains for the identification of prodromal Alzheimer disease (AD) among patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI).

Background: Given the early involvement of the medial temporal lobe, a precocious and specific pattern of memory disorders might be expected for the identification of prodromal AD.

Methods: A total of 251 patients with MCI were tested at baseline by a standardized neuropsychological battery, which included the Free and Cued Selective Recall Reminding Test (FCSRT) for verbal episodic memory; the Benton Visual Retention Test for visual memory; the Deno 100 and verbal fluency for language; a serial digit learning test and the double task of Baddeley for working memory; Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) similarities for conceptual elaboration; and the Stroop test, the Trail Making test, and the WAIS digit symbol test for executive functions.

Comparison of inhibitory functioning in mild Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia.

Executive dysfunction is frequently reported in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and the frontal variant of frontotemporal dementia (FTD). More specifically, inhibitory dysfunction is observed early in AD and inhibitory deficits are also prominent in patients with FTD. However, few studies have simultaneously explored and compared inhibitory abilities in both degenerative diseases.

[Cued and uncued memory tests: norms in elderly adults from the 3 Cities epidemiological study].

Introduction: The free and cued reminding test is often considered to be essential in the neuropsychological examination of elderly people consulting Memory Clinics. One of the reasons is that this test maximizes learning by inducing deep semantic processing and by controlling encoding and retrieval conditions. The aim of this study was to produce age, sex and educational level-adjusted normative data for this test.

Restriction in complex activities of daily living in MCI: impact on outcome.

Objective: To describe the restriction in instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and to assess the impact of IADL restriction on the progression to dementia and on MCI reversibility.

Methods: The study sample included 1,517 participants of the PAQUID cohort, visited at 8- and 10-year follow-ups. Subjects classified as having MCI had no dementia but a cognitive deficit according to five neuropsychological tests.

Dementia in subjects aged 75 years or over within the PAQUID cohort: prevalence and burden by severity.

Background/aims: To analyze the prevalence of dementia by severity and to describe the sociodemographic characteristics of people with dementia in the community, as well as the consequences of this disease in terms of disability and institutionalization.

Methods: This study was based on the PAQUID community-based cohort study of 1,461 subjects aged 75 years or over. Severity of dementia was assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE).