Translocating bacteria in SIV infection are not stochastic and preferentially express cytosine methyltransferases.

Microbial translocation is a significant contributor to chronic inflammation in people living with HIV (PLWH) and is associated with increased mortality and morbidity in individuals treated for long periods with antiretrovirals. The use of therapeutics to treat microbial translocation has yielded mixed effects, in part, because the species and mechanisms contributing to translocation in HIV remain incompletely characterized. To characterize translocating bacteria, we cultured translocators from chronically SIV-infected rhesus macaques.

2-Hydroxypropyl-β-Cyclodextrin Treatment Induces Modest Immune Activation in Healthy Rhesus Macaques.

Experimental simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection of Asian macaques is an excellent model for HIV disease progression and therapeutic development. Recent coformulations of nucleoside analogs and an integrase inhibitor have been used for parenteral antiretroviral (ARV) administration in SIV-infected macaques, successfully resulting in undetectable plasma SIV RNA. In a cohort of SIVmac239-infected macaques, we recently observed that administration of coformulated ARVs resulted in an unexpected increase in plasma levels of soluble CD14 (sCD14), associated with stimulation of myeloid cells.