Junctional instability in neuroepithelium and network hyperexcitability in a focal cortical dysplasia human model.

Focal cortical dysplasia is a highly epileptogenic cortical malformation with few treatment options. Here, we generated human cortical organoids from patients with focal cortical dysplasia type II. Using this human model, we mimicked some focal cortical dysplasia hallmarks, such as impaired cell proliferation, the presence of dysmorphic neurons and balloon cells, and neuronal network hyperexcitability.

Distribution of local ancestry and evidence of adaptation in admixed populations.

Admixed American populations have different global proportions of European, Sub-Saharan African, and Native-American ancestry. However, individuals who display the same global ancestry could exhibit remarkable differences in the distribution of local ancestry blocks. We studied for the first time the distribution of local ancestry across the genome of 264 Brazilian admixed individuals, ascertained within the scope of the Brazilian Initiative on Precision Medicine.

Copy number variation in the susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease with a strong genetic component and etiology characterized by chronic inflammation and autoantibody production. The purpose of this study was to ascertain copy number variation (CNV) in SLE using a case-control design in an admixed Brazilian population. The whole-genome detection of CNV was performed using Cytoscan HD array in SLE patients and healthy controls.

Dysregulation of NEUROG2 plays a key role in focal cortical dysplasia.

Objective: Focal cortical dysplasias (FCDs) are an important cause of drug-resistant epilepsy. In this work, we aimed to investigate whether abnormal gene regulation, mediated by microRNA, could be involved in FCD type II.

Methods: We used total RNA from the brain tissue of 16 patients with FCD type II and 28 controls.

Homozygous deletion in MYL9 expands the molecular basis of megacystis-microcolon-intestinal hypoperistalsis syndrome.

Megacystis-microcolon-intestinal hypoperistalsis syndrome (MMIHS) is a severe disease characterized by functional obstruction in the urinary and gastrointestinal tract. The molecular basis of this condition started to be defined recently, and the genes related to the syndrome (ACTG2-heterozygous variant in sporadic cases; and MYH11 (myosin heavy chain 11), LMOD1 (leiomodin 1) and MYLK (myosin light chain (MLC) kinase)-autosomal recessive inheritance), encode proteins involved in the smooth muscle contraction, supporting a myopathic basis for the disease. In the present article, we described a family with two affected siblings with MMIHS born to consanguineous parents and the molecular investigation performed to define the genetic etiology.

Ancestry Informative Marker Panel to Estimate Population Stratification Using Genome-wide Human Array.

Case-control studies are a powerful strategy to identify candidate genes in complex diseases. In admixed populations, association studies can be affected by population stratification, leading to spurious genetic associations. Ancestry informative markers (AIMs) can be used to minimise this effect.

Exploratory structural assessment in craniocervical dystonia: Global and differential analyses.

Introduction: Our goal was to investigate the cortical thickness and subcortical volume in subjects with craniocervical dystonia and its subgroups.

Methods: We studied 49 subjects, 17 with cervical dystonia, 18 with blepharospasm or oromandibular dystonia, and 79 healthy controls. We performed a whole group analysis, followed by a subgroup analysis.

MicroRNA hsa-miR-134 is a circulating biomarker for mesial temporal lobe epilepsy.

Epilepsy is misdiagnosed in up to 25% of patients, leading to serious and long-lasting consequences. Recently, circulating microRNAs have emerged as potential biomarkers in a number of clinical scenarios. The purpose of this study was to identify and to validate circulating microRNAs that could be used as biomarkers in the diagnosis of epilepsy.

White Matter Microstructure in Idiopathic Craniocervical Dystonia.

Background: Dystonias are hyperkinetic movement disorders characterized by involuntary muscle contractions resulting in abnormal torsional movements and postures. Recent neuroimaging studies in idiopathic craniocervical dystonia (CCD) have uncovered the involvement of multiple areas, including cortical ones. Our goal was to evaluate white matter (WM) microstructure in subjects with CCD using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) analysis.

Diffuse decreased gray matter in patients with idiopathic craniocervical dystonia: a voxel-based morphometry study.

Background: Recent studies have addressed the role of structures other than the basal ganglia in the pathophysiology of craniocervical dystonia (CCD). Neuroimaging studies have attempted to identify structural abnormalities in CCD but a clear pattern of alteration has not been established. We performed whole-brain evaluation using voxel-based morphometry (VBM) to identify patterns of gray matter (GM) changes in CCD.

Infratentorial gray matter atrophy and excess in primary craniocervical dystonia.

Background: Primary craniocervical dystonia (CCD) is generally attributed to functional abnormalities in the cortico-striato-pallido-thalamocortical loops, but cerebellar pathways have also been implicated in neuroimaging studies. Hence, our purpose was to perform a volumetric evaluation of the infratentorial structures in CCD.

Methods: We compared 35 DYT1/DYT6 negative patients with CCD and 35 healthy controls.

A new missense mutation found in the FLNA gene in a family with bilateral periventricular nodular heterotopia (BPNH) alters the splicing process.

We describe the clinical and molecular evaluation of two patients, mother and daughter (proband), with bilateral periventricular nodular heterotopia (BPNH). The clinical evaluation revealed a more severe phenotype in the proband, with mental retardation and seizures. Imaging studies showed bilateral periventricular nodules in both patients.

A new candidate locus for bilateral perisylvian polymicrogyria mapped on chromosome Xq27.

Polymicrogyria (PMG) is characterized by an excessive number of small and prominent brain gyri, separated by shallow sulci. Bilateral perisylvian polymicrogyria (BPP) is the most common form of PMG. Clinical signs include pseudobulbar paresis, mental retardation, and epilepsy.

LINKGEN: a new algorithm to process data in genetic linkage studies.

Genetic linkage studies using whole genome scans are useful approaches for identifying genes related to human diseases. In general, these studies require genotyping of a large number of markers, which are used in statistical analysis. Recent technology has allowed easy genotyping of a large number of markers in less time; therefore, interface programs are required for manipulation of these large data sets.

Magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities in familial temporal lobe epilepsy with auditory auras.

Background: Two forms of familial temporal lobe epilepsy (FTLE) have been described: mesial FTLE and FTLE with auditory auras. The gene responsible for mesial FTLE has not been mapped yet, whereas mutations in the LGI1 (leucine-rich, glioma-inactivated 1) gene, localized on chromosome 10q, have been found in FTLE with auditory auras.

Objective: To describe magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in patients with FTLE with auditory auras.