Cognitive reserve in the recovery and rehabilitation of stroke and traumatic brain injury: A systematic review.

Cognitive reserve (CR) is the brain's ability to cope with changes related to aging and/or disease. Originally introduced to explain individual differences in the clinical manifestations of dementia, CR has recently emerged as a relevant construct in stroke and traumatic brain injury (TBI). This systematic review aims to investigate whether CR could predict post-stroke and TBI clinical recovery and rehabilitation outcomes, and how different variables used to estimate CR (i.

Comprehensive investigation of predictive processing: A cross- and within-cognitive domains fMRI meta-analytic approach.

Predictive processing (PP) stands as a predominant theoretical framework in neuroscience. While some efforts have been made to frame PP within a cognitive domain-general network perspective, suggesting the existence of a "prediction network," these studies have primarily focused on specific cognitive domains or functions. The question of whether a domain-general predictive network that encompasses all well-established cognitive domains exists remains unanswered.

Mood moderates the effects of prefrontal tDCS on executive functions: A meta-analysis testing the affective state-dependency hypothesis.

Background: In recent decades, numerous studies have investigated the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on cognitive functioning. However, results of these studies frequently display inconsistency and pose challenges regarding replicability. The present work aimed at testing the hypothesis of mood as potential moderator of prefrontal tDCS effects on executive functions (EF).

A meta-analysis of non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) effects on cerebellar-associated cognitive processes.

Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques, including transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial electrical stimulation (tES), have provided valuable insights into the role of the cerebellum in cognitive processes. However, replicating findings from studies involving cerebellar stimulation poses challenges. This meta-analysis investigates the impact of NIBS on cognitive processes associated with the cerebellum.

The mismatch negativity as an index of cognitive abilities in adults with Down syndrome.

Down syndrome (DS) is associated with an ultra-high risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD). Understanding variability in pre-AD cognitive abilities may help understand cognitive decline in this population. The mismatch negativity (MMN) is an event-related potential component reflecting the detection of deviant stimuli that is thought to represent underlying memory processes, with reduced MMN amplitudes being associated with cognitive decline.

Addiction as a brain disease? A meta-regression comparison of error-related brain potentials between addiction and neurological diseases.

The notion that addiction is a "brain disorder" is widespread. However, there is a lack of evidence on the degree of disorder in terms of error processing in addiction. The present meta-analysis aimed at shedding light on this by comparing error-processes with populations with well-recognized brain disorders.

Use of Telemedicine to Improve Cognitive Functions and Psychological Well-Being in Patients with Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review of the Current Literature.

The diagnosis and side effects of breast cancer (BC) treatments greatly affect the everyday lives of women suffering from this disease, with relevant psychological and cognitive consequences. Several studies have reported the psychological effects of receiving a diagnosis of BC. Moreover, women undergoing anticancer therapies may exhibit cognitive impairment as a side effect of the treatments.

State-dependent tDCS modulation of the somatomotor network: A MEG study.

Objective: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive technique widely used to investigate brain excitability and activity. However, the variability in both brain and behavioral responses to tDCS limits its application for clinical purposes. This study aims to shed light on state-dependency, a phenomenon that contributes to the variability of tDCS.

Disconnection from prediction: A systematic review on the role of right temporoparietal junction in aberrant predictive processing.

The right temporoparietal junction (rTPJ) is a brain area that plays a critical role in a variety of cognitive functions. Although different theoretical proposals tried to explain the ubiquitous role of rTPJ, recent evidence suggests that rTPJ may be a fundamental cortical region involved in different kinds of predictions. This systematic review aims to better investigate the potential role of rTPJ under a predictive processing perspective, providing an overview of cognitive impairments in neurological patients as the consequence of structural or functional disconnections or damage of rTPJ.

Speech Fluency Improvement in Developmental Stuttering Using Non-invasive Brain Stimulation: Insights From Available Evidence.

Developmental stuttering (DS) is a disturbance of the normal rhythm of speech that may be interpreted as very debilitating in the most affected cases. Interventions for DS are historically based on the behavioral modifications of speech patterns (e.g.

Novel insights into the relationship between cerebellum and dementia: A narrative review as a toolkit for clinicians.

The role of the cerebellum in neurodegenerative disorders that target cognitive functions has been a subject of increasing interest over the past years. However, a review focused on making clinicians more aware of the role of the cerebellum in dementia is still missing. This narrative review explores the possible factors explaining the involvement of the cerebellum in different kinds of dementia by providing more insights on how this structure can be relevant in clinical practice.

Neurophysiological and behavioural effects of conventional and high definition tDCS.

High-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) seems to overcome a drawback of traditional bipolar tDCS: the wide-spread diffusion of the electric field. Nevertheless, most of the differences that characterise the two techniques are based on mathematical simulations and not on real, behavioural and neurophysiological, data. The study aims to compare a widespread tDCS montage (i.

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and cognitive stimulation, combined and alone, in treating individuals with mild Alzheimer's disease.

Backgrounds: Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEI) and cognitive stimulation (CS) are the standard pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments for Alzheimer's disease (AD).

Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of these treatments, alone or combined, on the neuropsychological profiles of patients with AD.

Methods: Forty participants were assigned to three groups receiving either only AChEI (n = 14), AChEI + CS (n = 15), or only CS (n = 11).

The Role of Motivation and Anxiety on Error Awareness in Younger and Older Adults.

Aging is associated with several changes in cognitive functions, as well as in motivational and affective processes, which in turn interact with cognitive functions. The present study aimed to investigate error awareness (EA), which declines with aging, in relation to motivation and anxiety. Adopting an experimental task, we firstly tested the hypothesis that EA could be enhanced through reward motivation.

Investigating the Accessibility of Voice Assistants With Impaired Users: Mixed Methods Study.

Background: Voice assistants allow users to control appliances and functions of a smart home by simply uttering a few words. Such systems hold the potential to significantly help users with motor and cognitive disabilities who currently depend on their caregiver even for basic needs (eg, opening a door). The research on voice assistants is mainly dedicated to able-bodied users, and studies evaluating the accessibility of such systems are still sparse and fail to account for the participants' actual motor, linguistic, and cognitive abilities.

Repetitive TMS over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex modulates the error positivity: An ERP study.

Error processing is a critical step towards an efficient adaptation of our behavior to achieve a goal. Little research has been devoted to investigate the contribution of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in supporting error processing. In this study, the causal relationship of the DLPFC in error commission was examined by means of a repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation protocol (rTMS).

Intra-Individual Variability of Error Awareness and Post-error Slowing in Three Different Age-Groups.

Error awareness (EA) and post-error slowing (PES) are two crucial components of an adequate performance monitoring because, respectively, they allow being aware of an error and triggering performance adjustments following unexpected events. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the ontogenetic trajectories of EA and PES, as well as to examine how EA and PES interact with each other. The performance of three groups of participants (children, younger, and older adults) in a modified version of the Error Awareness task (EAT; Hester et al.

Possible Role of Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Error Awareness: Single-Pulse TMS Evidence.

Error awareness is essential to maintain an adaptive and goal-directed behavior and is supposed to rely on the activity of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). However, studies employing electrophysiological methods and functional resonance imaging (fMRI) do not allow to establish a causal relationship between error awareness and implicated brain structures. The study examined the causal relationship between DLPFC activity and error awareness in order to confirm the involvement of the right DLPFC in error awareness and to obtain temporal information about this process, namely when the activity of the right DLPFC is involved in error awareness.

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) reveals a dissociation between SNARC and MARC effects: Implication for the polarity correspondence account.

The concept of stimulus response compatibility (SRC) refers to the existence of a privileged association between a specific stimulus feature and a specific response feature. Two examples of SRC are the Spatial Numerical Association of Response Codes (SNARC) and the Markedness Association of Response Codes (MARC) effects. According to the polarity correspondence principle, these two SRC effects occur because of a match between the most salient dimensions of stimulus and response.