Rise and fall of outbreak-specific clone inside endemic pulsotype of 4,[5],12:i:-; insights from high-resolution molecular surveillance in Emilia-Romagna, Italy, 2012 to 2015.

Background and aimEpidemiology of human non-typhoid salmonellosis is characterised by recurrent emergence of new clones of the pathogen over time. Some clonal lines of have shaped epidemiology of the disease at global level, as happened for serotype Enteritidis or, more recently, for 4,[5],12:i:-, a monophasic variant of serotype Typhimurium. The same clonal behaviour is recognisable at sub-serotype level where single outbreaks or more generalised epidemics are attributable to defined clones.

Immunization against A/H1N1 pandemic flu (2009-2010) in pediatric patients at risk. What might be the most effective strategy? The experience of an health district of Northern Italy.

Background: Vaccination coverage rates against pandemic flu were far below those required by Italian Public Health Authorities.The aim of this retrospective study was to assess how the management of vaccination against pandemic flu in the Health District of Piacenza (Northern Italy) had conditioned the adherence of patients at risk to the H1N1flu immunization program.

Methods: From a population of 27.