Noise Exposure on the London Underground, an Observational Study over a Decade.

Objectives: There are no hearing protection regulations in place for passengers using public transport, such as the London Underground. In light of this, we sought to examine sound pressure levels experienced by regular users of the London Underground.

Methods: Sound pressure levels (A-weighted decibels: dBA) were taken on moving London Underground carriages between Euston and South Wimbledon on the Northern Line, and between Euston and Vauxhall on the Victoria Line, during 2006 and 2018.

Multidisciplinary care of a paediatric patient with Gradenigo's syndrome.

A 10-year-old girl presented with signs and symptoms suggestive of Gradenigo's syndrome, a condition characterised by otorrhoea, diplopia due to abducens nerve palsy and pain in the region of the trigeminal nerve. This case examines the presentation of this condition, and the appropriate investigations. We also highlight the importance of the involvement of multiple specialities in discussing and devising a suitable management plan.

A patient with ulcerated calcifying epithelioma of Malherbe in the pinna: case report.

Introduction: Although pilomatrixomas are frequently encountered by dermatologists and pathologists in the differential diagnosis of head and neck lesions, this is not usually the case among head and neck surgeons. A pilomatrixoma (calcifying epithelioma of Malherbe) is a benign tumour of the hair matrix cells. Histologically it is characterised by the presence of ghost cells, basophilic cells and foreign body cells.

What role do mucins have in the development of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma? A systematic review.

Mucins are the dominant component in the protective mucus layer on mucosal surfaces including the larynx. Hence, they are part of the first line of defence against external stimuli including effect of smoking in the larynx. We asked whether existing published evidence supported the hypothesis that alteration in mucins expression/production is related to the laryngeal neoplastic process.

A change in UK epistaxis management.

Ear nose and throat oral and maxillofacial surgery service provision is undergoing major changes within the United Kingdom Healthcare System (NHS) with devolution of many treatments to primary care. Epistaxis, active bleeding from the nose, is a common ear nose and throat/oral and maxillofacial surgery emergency, and can be severe or even fatal. The causes can be from local or systemic illnesses.

Rheumatoid nodule of the thyrohyoid membrane: a case report.

Background: Rheumatoid nodules are common extra-articular findings occurring in 20% of rheumatoid arthritis patients. They develop most commonly subcutaneously in pressure areas (elbows and finger joints) and may occasionally affect internal organs including pleura, lungs, meninges, larynx, and in other connective tissues elsewhere in the body

Case Presentation: We present the case of a 62-year-old male who presented with a midline neck mass. Clinically it moved on swallowing and tongue protrusion-suggesting attachment to the thyrohyoid membrane.

The acute effects of alcohol on auditory thresholds.

Background: There is very little knowledge about alcohol-induced hearing loss. Alcohol consumption and tolerance to loud noise is a well observed phenomenon as seen in the Western world where parties get noisier by the hour as the evening matures. This leads to increase in the referrals to the "hearing aid clinic" and the diagnosis of "cocktail party deafness" which may not necessarily be only due to presbyacusis or noise-induced hearing loss.

The role of surgical audit in improving patient management; nasal haemorrhage: an audit study.

Background: Nasal bleeding remains one of the most common Head & Neck Surgical (Ear Nose and Throat [ENT]/Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery [OMFS]) emergencies resulting in hospital admission. In the majority of cases, no other intervention is required other than nasal packing, and it was felt many cases could ideally be managed at home, without further medical interference. A limited but national telephone survey of accident and emergency departments revealed that early discharge practice was identified in some rural areas and urban departments (where adverse socio-demographic factors resulted in poor patient compliance to admission or follow up), with little adverse patient sequelae.

Laryngocele: a rare complication of surgical tracheostomy.

Background: A laryngocele is usually a cystic dilatation of the laryngeal saccule. The etiology behind its occurrence is still unclear, but congenital and acquired factors have been implicated in its development.

Case Presentation: We present a rare case of laryngocele occurring in a 77-year-old Caucasian woman.

Malignancy in asymmetrical but otherwise normal palatine tonsils.

An abnormally large tonsil may be a sign of malignancy. We retrospectively analyzed the case files of 87 patients who had asymmetrically sized but otherwise normal tonsils and no risk factors for cancer to determine if asymmetry is associated with a higher incidence of malignancy. We found 2 cases (2.

The isolation and characterisation of primary human laryngeal epithelial cells.

We have shown that the larynx has a prominent immunological component that varies between individuals, and which is influenced by lifestyle factors implicated in the pathogenesis of the inflammatory and neoplastic diseases of the larynx. In order to explore the mechanisms of such links between laryngeal mucosal immunity and the development of lifestyle-related disease, reliable in vitro models are essential. In this study, we isolated and characterised primary laryngeal epithelial cells from normal individuals and show they can be cultured and manipulated to express MHC class II molecules in vitro.