Upward Mobility of Students from Lower-educated Families in Stratified Educational Systems: The Role of Social Capital and Work Habits.

In tracked and highly stratified educational systems, where educational reproduction is particularly strong, the chances of students to achieve more education than their parents did are truncated. Little is known, however, what may help students raised in lower-educated families to become upwardly mobile at the transition to upper-secondary education. In tracked educational systems, this transition is decisive for ultimate educational attainment across the life course.

Dumbbells, trikes and quads: organic-inorganic hybrid nanoarchitectures based on "clicked" gold nanoparticles.

The controlled assembly of gold nanoparticles in terms of the spatial arrangement and number of particles is essential for many future applications like electronic devices, sensors and labeling. Here an approach is presented to build up oligomers of mono functionalized gold nanoparticles by the use of 1,3-bipolar azide alkyne cycloaddition click chemistry. The gold nanoparticles of 1.

Add a third hook: S-acetyl protected oligophenylene pyridine dithiols as advanced precursors for self-assembled monolayers.

Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of thiols on gold substrates are potentially important systems for future technologies such as molecular electronics and sensing. Especially in molecular electronics a strong interaction and coupling between the "device" molecules and substrate is crucial. In this context, we present here two series of novel SAM precursors, viz.

Monofunctionalized gold nanoparticles stabilized by a single dendrimer form dumbbell structures upon homocoupling.

The assembly of dumbbell structures as organic-inorganic hybrid materials is presented. Gold nanoparticles (NPs) with a mean diameter of 1.3 nm were synthesized in very good yields using a stabilizing dendrimer based on benzylic thioether subunits.

Optically switchable organic field-effect transistors based on photoresponsive gold nanoparticles blended with poly(3-hexylthiophene).

Interface tailoring represents a route for integrating complex functions in systems and materials. Although it is ubiquitous in biological systems--e.g.

Gold nanoparticles stabilized by thioether dendrimers.

Ligand-stabilized gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) are promising materials for nanotechnology with applications in electronics, catalysis, and sensors. These applications depend on the ability to synthesize stable and monodisperse NPs. Herein, the design and synthesis of two series of dendritic thioether ligands and their ability to stabilize Au NPs is presented.

Direct control of the spatial arrangement of gold nanoparticles in organic-inorganic hybrid superstructures.

The directed assembly of gold nanoparticles is essential for their use in many kinds of applications, such as electronic devices, biological labels, and sensors. Herein an atomic alteration in the molecular structure of ligand-stabilized gold nanoparticles that can shift the interparticle distance up to 1 nm upon covalent coupling to organic-inorganic superstructures is presented. Gold nanoparticles are stabilized by two octadentate thioether ligands and have a mean diameter of 1.