AIR inhaled insulin versus subcutaneous insulin: pharmacokinetics, glucodynamics, and pulmonary function in asthma.

Objective: This study evaluated pharmacokinetic and glucodynamic responses to AIR inhaled insulin relative to subcutaneous insulin lispro, safety, pulmonary function, and effects of salbutamol coadministration.

Research Design And Methods: Healthy, mildly asthmatic, and moderately asthmatic subjects (n = 13/group, aged 19-58 years, nonsmoking, and nondiabetic) completed this phase I, open-label, randomized, crossover euglycemic clamp study. Subjects received 12 units equivalent AIR insulin or 12 units subcutaneous insulin lispro or salbutamol plus AIR insulin (moderate asthma group only) before the clamp.

Conditional mixed models with crossed random effects.

The analysis of continuous hierarchical data such as repeated measures or data from meta-analyses can be carried out by means of the linear mixed-effects model. However, in some situations this model, in its standard form, does pose computational problems. For example, when dealing with crossed random-effects models, the estimation of the variance components becomes a non-trivial task if only one observation is available for each cross-classified level.

AIR inhaled insulin in subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: pharmacokinetics, glucodynamics, safety, and tolerability.

Objective: In this open-label, randomized, crossover study, pharmacokinetic and glucodynamic responses were compared in healthy subjects versus subjects with moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), following administration of 12 units equivalent AIR inhaled insulin versus 12 units subcutaneous insulin lispro.

Research Design And Methods: Three nonsmoking groups (n = 15 each)--healthy subjects (baseline mean +/- SD age 38 +/- 13 years, forced expiratory volume in 1 s [FEV1] 4.06 +/- 1.