Closed-wedge Patelloplasty for the Treatment of Distal Patellofemoral Maltracking and Instability due to Severe Patellar Dysplasia: Case Report and Surgical Technique.

Background: Patellofemoral maltracking is caused by different anatomical factors. Most of them are associated with a proximal maltracking, which alters the patella's engagement into the trochlear groove and predisposes the patellofemoral joint for instability. Different surgical techniques have been described to realign patellar tracking, however, most of which address proximal patellar maltracking.

Operative Versus Conservative Treatment of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Rupture.

Background: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture is a serious injury in patients who are typically young and athletically active, with potential long-term complica- tions including functional limitation, posttraumatic osteoarthritis of the knee, and impaired quality of life. ACL reconstruction is now considered the gold standard of treatment for regaining stability and improving knee function. Conservative treatment is an alternative.

Heterogeneity and chronology of 6q15 deletion and ERG-fusion in prostate cancer.

Prostate cancer is notorious for its heterogeneity, which poses a problem for the applicability of diagnostic molecular markers. However, heterogeneity analysis can provide valuable information on the chronology in which molecular alterations arise. Here, we constructed a heterogeneity tissue microarray (TMA) comprising samples from 10 different tumor areas of 189 prostate cancers each in order to study the sequence of two frequent molecular alterations, i.

Heterogeneity and chronology of PTEN deletion and ERG fusion in prostate cancer.

TMPRSS2:ERG fusions, in combination with deletion of the phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) tumor suppressor, have been suggested to cooperatively drive tumor progression in prostate cancer. We utilized a novel heterogeneity tissue microarray containing samples from 10 different tumor blocks of 189 prostatectomy specimens to study heterogeneity of genomic PTEN alterations in individual foci. PTEN alterations were found in 48/123 (39%) analyzable individual tumor foci, including 40 foci with deletions, 7 with deletion and rearrangement, and 1 focus with rearrangement only.

Marked heterogeneity of ERG expression in large primary prostate cancers.

Approximately 50% of prostate cancers are characterized by TMPRSS2 (transmembrane protease serine 2)-ERG (avian v-ets erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homolog) gene fusions resulting in an androgen-regulated overexpression of the transcription factor ERG. Some studies have suggested prognostic or predictive relevance of ERG status in prostate cancer. Such concepts could be impaired by extensive ERG heterogeneity in analyzed tumors.