Evidence of innate training in bovine γδ T cells following subcutaneous BCG administration.

The Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) vaccine has been shown to induce non-specific protection against diseases other than tuberculosis in vaccinated individuals, attributed to the induction of trained immunity. We have previously demonstrated that BCG administration induces innate immune training in mixed peripheral blood mononuclear cells and monocytes in calves. Gamma Delta (γδ) T cells are non-conventional T cells that exhibit innate and adaptive immune system features.

Dietary Zinc Supplementation in Steers Modulates Labile Zinc Concentration and Zinc Transporter Gene Expression in Circulating Immune Cells.

Zinc (Zn) is critical for immune function, and marginal Zn deficiency in calves can lead to suboptimal growth and increased disease susceptibility. However, in contrast to other trace minerals such as copper, tissue concentrations of Zn do not change readily in conditions of supplementation or marginal deficiency. Therefore, the evaluation of Zn status remains challenging.

Modeling Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Infection: Recent Contributions and Future Directions Using the Calf Model of Bovine RSV Disease.

The human orthopneumovirus (human respiratory syncytial virus [RSV]) is a leading cause of respiratory disease in children worldwide and a significant cause of infant mortality in low- and middle-income countries. The natural immune response to the virus has a preponderant role in disease progression, with a rapid neutrophil infiltration and dysbalanced T cell response in the lungs associated with severe disease in infants. The development of preventive interventions against human RSV has been difficult partly due to the need to use animal models that only partially recapitulate the immune response as well as the disease progression seen in human infants.

BCG-Based Vaccines Elicit Antigen-Specific Adaptive and Trained Immunity against SARS-CoV-2 and .

Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is a live attenuated vaccine mainly administered to newborns and used for over 100 years to prevent the disease caused by (). This vaccine can induce immune response polarization towards a Th1 profile, which is desired for counteracting , other mycobacteria, and unrelated intracellular pathogens. The vaccine BCG has been used as a vector to express recombinant proteins and has been shown to protect against several diseases, particularly respiratory viruses.

A Recombinant BCG Vaccine Is Safe and Immunogenic in Neonatal Calves and Reduces the Clinical Disease Caused by the Respiratory Syncytial Virus.

The human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) constitutes a major health burden, causing millions of hospitalizations in children under five years old worldwide due to acute lower respiratory tract infections. Despite decades of research, licensed vaccines to prevent hRSV are not available. Development of vaccines against hRSV targeting young infants requires ruling out potential vaccine-enhanced disease presentations.

Immune response during hantavirus diseases: implications for immunotherapies and vaccine design.

Orthohantaviruses, previously named hantaviruses, cause two emerging zoonotic diseases: haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Eurasia and hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) in the Americas. Overall, over 200 000 cases are registered every year worldwide, with a fatality rate ranging between 0·1% and 15% for HFRS and between 20% and 40% for HCPS. No specific treatment or vaccines have been approved by the U.

BCG-Induced Cross-Protection and Development of Trained Immunity: Implication for Vaccine Design.

The Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is a live attenuated tuberculosis vaccine that has the ability to induce non-specific cross-protection against pathogens that might be unrelated to the target disease. Vaccination with BCG reduces mortality in newborns and induces an improved innate immune response against microorganisms other than , such as and . Innate immune cells, including monocytes and natural killer (NK) cells, contribute to this non-specific immune protection in a way that is independent of memory T or B cells.

Current Animal Models for Understanding the Pathology Caused by the Respiratory Syncytial Virus.

The human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is the main etiologic agent of severe lower respiratory tract infections that affect young children throughout the world, associated with significant morbidity and mortality, becoming a serious public health problem globally. Up to date, no licensed vaccines are available to prevent severe hRSV-induced disease, and the generation of safe-effective vaccines has been a challenging task, requiring constant biomedical research aimed to overcome this ailment. Among the difficulties presented by the study of this pathogen, it arises the fact that there is no single animal model that resembles all aspects of the human pathology, which is due to the specificity that this pathogen has for the human host.

Contribution of Fcγ Receptor-Mediated Immunity to the Pathogenesis Caused by the Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus.

The human Respiratory Syncytial Virus (hRSV) is the leading cause of severe acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRTIs) in humans at all ages and is the main cause of hospitalization due to pneumonia, asthma, and bronchiolitis in infants. hRSV symptoms mainly develop due to an excessive host immune and inflammatory response in the respiratory tissue. hRSV infection during life is frequent and likely because of non-optimal immunological memory is developed against this virus.

Patterns of antibody response during natural hRSV infection: insights for the development of new antibody-based therapies.

Introduction: The human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is the main cause of acute lower respiratory tract infection in susceptible population worldwide, such as young children and the elderly. Although hRSV is a major public health burden, there are no licensed vaccines and the only available therapy is palivizumab. During life, reinfections with hRSV are common, suggesting that the virus can impair the development of an efficient host immune response.

Geographical distribution and phylogenetic analysis of Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato in northern and central Chile.

The presented study analyzed the presence and geographical distribution of the tropical and temperate lineages of Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato in Chile. R. sanguineus s.

An Update on Host-Pathogen Interplay and Modulation of Immune Responses during Orientia tsutsugamushi Infection.

The obligate intracellular bacterium is the causative agent of scrub typhus in humans, a serious mite-borne disease present in a widespread area of endemicity, which affects an estimated 1 million people every year. This disease may exhibit a broad range of presentations, ranging from asymptomatic to fatal conditions, with the latter being due to disseminated endothelial infection and organ injury. Unique characteristics of the biology and host-pathogen interactions of , including the high antigenic diversity among strains and the highly variable, short-lived memory responses developed by the host, underlie difficulties faced in the pursuit of an effective vaccine, which is an imperative need.