Evidence of innate training in bovine γδ T cells following subcutaneous BCG administration.

The Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) vaccine has been shown to induce non-specific protection against diseases other than tuberculosis in vaccinated individuals, attributed to the induction of trained immunity. We have previously demonstrated that BCG administration induces innate immune training in mixed peripheral blood mononuclear cells and monocytes in calves. Gamma Delta (γδ) T cells are non-conventional T cells that exhibit innate and adaptive immune system features.

Effects of zinc supplementation and implant abscess on the immune system and growth performance of growing beef steers.

Seventy-two Angus-cross steers (261 ± 14 kg) were utilized to determine the effects of supplemental Zn sulfate on growth, trace mineral status, circulating immune cells, and functional innate immune responses. Steers were stratified by weight and implanted with a Component E-S with Tylan implant (Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN) on day 0. Dietary treatments included: control (CON; no supplemental Zn), Zn100 (100 mg supplemental Zn/kg DM), and Zn150 (150 mg supplemental Zn/kg DM).

Dietary Zinc Supplementation in Steers Modulates Labile Zinc Concentration and Zinc Transporter Gene Expression in Circulating Immune Cells.

Zinc (Zn) is critical for immune function, and marginal Zn deficiency in calves can lead to suboptimal growth and increased disease susceptibility. However, in contrast to other trace minerals such as copper, tissue concentrations of Zn do not change readily in conditions of supplementation or marginal deficiency. Therefore, the evaluation of Zn status remains challenging.

Enabling the recycling of metals from the shredder light fraction derived from waste of electrical and electronic equipment via continuous pyrolysis process.

The surge in Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) generation, reaching 53.6 million metric tons (Mt) in 2019, demands efficient recycling solutions. This study focuses on the Shredder Light Fraction (SLF), a material stream derived from the mechanical pre-processing of WEEE, which is considered "municipal waste".

Modeling Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Infection: Recent Contributions and Future Directions Using the Calf Model of Bovine RSV Disease.

The human orthopneumovirus (human respiratory syncytial virus [RSV]) is a leading cause of respiratory disease in children worldwide and a significant cause of infant mortality in low- and middle-income countries. The natural immune response to the virus has a preponderant role in disease progression, with a rapid neutrophil infiltration and dysbalanced T cell response in the lungs associated with severe disease in infants. The development of preventive interventions against human RSV has been difficult partly due to the need to use animal models that only partially recapitulate the immune response as well as the disease progression seen in human infants.

Effect of bovine oocyte vitrification with EGTA and post-warming recovery with resveratrol on meiotic spindle, mitochondrial function, reactive oxygen species, and developmental competence.

The present study aimed to determine the effects of the addition of EGTA to vitrification solutions and a post-warming recovery period supplemented with 1 μM resveratrol on meiotic spindle integrity, mitochondrial activity, ATP content, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and developmental potential of partially denuded, vitrified-warmed bovine oocytes. Results of microtubule distribution and chromosomal arrangement indicated that resveratrol supplementation, irrespective to EGTA addition, reduced the incidence of abnormal meiotic spindles to similar levels of the control group. Mitochondrial membrane potential was similar in all groups, but ATP content was negatively affected by the vitrification-warming procedure and failed to recover after 4 h of post-warming culture.

Recovery of spindle morphology and mitochondrial function through extended culture after vitrification-warming of bovine oocytes.

The present study aimed to determine the effects of vitrification on the meiotic spindle and mitochondrial function of bovine oocytes submitted to different times of post-warming culture. Partially denuded cumulus-oocyte complexes were vitrified at different maturation times (18-, 20-, and 24-h) using a two-step cryoprotectant addition protocol and submitted to 6-, 4-, or 0-h of post-warming extended culture in maturation medium. Microtubule configuration and chromosomal arrangement were analyzed after 0- and 6-h of extended culture, whereas mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP content were measured at 0-, 4-, and 6-h of post-warming recovery.

BCG-Based Vaccines Elicit Antigen-Specific Adaptive and Trained Immunity against SARS-CoV-2 and .

Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is a live attenuated vaccine mainly administered to newborns and used for over 100 years to prevent the disease caused by (). This vaccine can induce immune response polarization towards a Th1 profile, which is desired for counteracting , other mycobacteria, and unrelated intracellular pathogens. The vaccine BCG has been used as a vector to express recombinant proteins and has been shown to protect against several diseases, particularly respiratory viruses.

Evaluation of Seasonal Heat Stress on Transcriptomic Profiles and Global DNA Methylation of Bovine Oocytes.

Heat stress affects oocyte developmental competence and is a major cause of reduced fertility in heat stressed cattle. Negative effects of heat stress on the oocyte have been observed at morphological, biochemical and developmental levels. However, the mechanisms by which heat stress affects the oocyte at the transcriptional and epigenetic levels remain to be further elucidated.

Canadian transit agencies response to COVID-19: Understanding strategies, information accessibility and the use of social media.

Over the past few months, transit agencies across Canada have been rushed to implement a range of strategies in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, with no standardized guidelines to direct their efforts. This study explores the initial response of transit agencies serving the 25 most populous Canadian cities by understanding the distinct types of response measures implemented between March 1st and June 1st, 2020. It also explores to what extent information related to these measures was accessible and usable, and how transit agencies used social media to communicate their efforts to the public.

A Recombinant BCG Vaccine Is Safe and Immunogenic in Neonatal Calves and Reduces the Clinical Disease Caused by the Respiratory Syncytial Virus.

The human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) constitutes a major health burden, causing millions of hospitalizations in children under five years old worldwide due to acute lower respiratory tract infections. Despite decades of research, licensed vaccines to prevent hRSV are not available. Development of vaccines against hRSV targeting young infants requires ruling out potential vaccine-enhanced disease presentations.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa induces spatio-temporal secretion of IL-1β, TNFα, proMMP-9, and reduction of epithelial E-cadherin in human alveolar epithelial type II (A549) cells.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, is an opportunistic bacterium with a high prevalence in diverse pulmonary infections. Although several genes are involved in the system of resistance and evasion of the immunological response of the host, little is known about the inflammatory, degradative, and cell-binding response induced by P. aeruginosa in human lung alveolar epithelial cells.

Immune response during hantavirus diseases: implications for immunotherapies and vaccine design.

Orthohantaviruses, previously named hantaviruses, cause two emerging zoonotic diseases: haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Eurasia and hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) in the Americas. Overall, over 200 000 cases are registered every year worldwide, with a fatality rate ranging between 0·1% and 15% for HFRS and between 20% and 40% for HCPS. No specific treatment or vaccines have been approved by the U.

BCG-Induced Cross-Protection and Development of Trained Immunity: Implication for Vaccine Design.

The Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is a live attenuated tuberculosis vaccine that has the ability to induce non-specific cross-protection against pathogens that might be unrelated to the target disease. Vaccination with BCG reduces mortality in newborns and induces an improved innate immune response against microorganisms other than , such as and . Innate immune cells, including monocytes and natural killer (NK) cells, contribute to this non-specific immune protection in a way that is independent of memory T or B cells.

Current Animal Models for Understanding the Pathology Caused by the Respiratory Syncytial Virus.

The human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is the main etiologic agent of severe lower respiratory tract infections that affect young children throughout the world, associated with significant morbidity and mortality, becoming a serious public health problem globally. Up to date, no licensed vaccines are available to prevent severe hRSV-induced disease, and the generation of safe-effective vaccines has been a challenging task, requiring constant biomedical research aimed to overcome this ailment. Among the difficulties presented by the study of this pathogen, it arises the fact that there is no single animal model that resembles all aspects of the human pathology, which is due to the specificity that this pathogen has for the human host.

Contribution of Fcγ Receptor-Mediated Immunity to the Pathogenesis Caused by the Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus.

The human Respiratory Syncytial Virus (hRSV) is the leading cause of severe acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRTIs) in humans at all ages and is the main cause of hospitalization due to pneumonia, asthma, and bronchiolitis in infants. hRSV symptoms mainly develop due to an excessive host immune and inflammatory response in the respiratory tissue. hRSV infection during life is frequent and likely because of non-optimal immunological memory is developed against this virus.

Pregnancy Rates Following Low-Temperature Storage of Large Equine Embryos Before Vitrification.

Satisfactory pregnancy rates can now be achieved following the cryopreservation of large equine embryos. Nonetheless, its wide application might be limited by the fact that the cryopreservation of large equine embryos requires a specialized micromanipulation equipment and micromanipulation/vitrification skills. Alternatives should be developed to increase its utilization and widespread application in the commercial equine industry.

Gas generation measurement and evaluation during mechanical processing and thermal treatment of spent Li-ion batteries.

Recycling of Li-ion batteries (LIBs) is becoming an urgent issue. However, the chemical composition and the hazard of off-gas produced during the recycling process still remain unclarified due to the complicated reactions during thermal runaway (TR). In order to meet the legislative requirements to carry out an environmentally friendly recycling, this manuscript aims to undertake quantitative analysis and toxicity evaluation of the off-gas produced in mechanical treatment and thermal treatment of LIBs.

Raman fingerprint of two terahertz spin wave branches in a two-dimensional honeycomb Ising ferromagnet.

Two-dimensional (2D) magnetism has been long sought-after and only very recently realized in atomic crystals of magnetic van der Waals materials. So far, a comprehensive understanding of the magnetic excitations in such 2D magnets remains missing. Here we report polarized micro-Raman spectroscopy studies on a 2D honeycomb ferromagnet CrI.

Patterns of antibody response during natural hRSV infection: insights for the development of new antibody-based therapies.

Introduction: The human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is the main cause of acute lower respiratory tract infection in susceptible population worldwide, such as young children and the elderly. Although hRSV is a major public health burden, there are no licensed vaccines and the only available therapy is palivizumab. During life, reinfections with hRSV are common, suggesting that the virus can impair the development of an efficient host immune response.

Geographical distribution and phylogenetic analysis of Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato in northern and central Chile.

The presented study analyzed the presence and geographical distribution of the tropical and temperate lineages of Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato in Chile. R. sanguineus s.

An Update on Host-Pathogen Interplay and Modulation of Immune Responses during Orientia tsutsugamushi Infection.

The obligate intracellular bacterium is the causative agent of scrub typhus in humans, a serious mite-borne disease present in a widespread area of endemicity, which affects an estimated 1 million people every year. This disease may exhibit a broad range of presentations, ranging from asymptomatic to fatal conditions, with the latter being due to disseminated endothelial infection and organ injury. Unique characteristics of the biology and host-pathogen interactions of , including the high antigenic diversity among strains and the highly variable, short-lived memory responses developed by the host, underlie difficulties faced in the pursuit of an effective vaccine, which is an imperative need.

Cryopreservation of Day 8 equine embryos after blastocyst micromanipulation and vitrification.

Pregnancy rates after cryopreservation of large equine blastocyst stage embryos have remained lower than other domesticated livestock species. It is generally accepted that the embryonic capsule is the primary barrier to cryoprotectant entry into the embryo proper and techniques need to be developed to circumvent this obstacle. Therefore, the objective of this study was to develop an efficient Day 8 equine embryo cryopreservation protocol through blastocyst micromanipulation and vitrification.

Recovery from experimental parkinsonism by semaphorin-guided axonal growth of grafted dopamine neurons.

Cell therapy in animal models of Parkinson's disease (PD) is effective after intrastriatal grafting of dopamine (DA) neurons, whereas intranigral transplantation of dopaminergic cells does not cause consistent behavioral recovery. One strategy to promote axonal growth of dopaminergic neurons from the substantia nigra (SN) to the striatum is degradation of inhibitory components such as chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans (CSPG). An alternative is the guidance of DA axons by chemotropic agents.