Caries Detection and Classification in Photographs Using an Artificial Intelligence-Based Model-An External Validation Study.

Objective: This ex vivo diagnostic study aimed to externally validate a freely accessible AI-based model for caries detection, classification, localisation and segmentation using an independent image dataset. It was hypothesised that there would be no difference in diagnostic performance compared to previously published internal validation data.

Methods: For the independent dataset, 718 dental images representing different stages of carious ( = 535) and noncarious teeth ( = 183) were retrieved from the internet.

Validation of an Artificial Intelligence-Based Model for Early Childhood Caries Detection in Dental Photographs.

: Early childhood caries (ECC) is a widespread and severe oral health problem that potentially affects the general health of children. Visual-tactile examination remains the diagnostic method of choice to diagnose ECC, although visual examination could be automated by artificial intelligence (AI) tools in the future. The aim of this study was the external validation of a recently published and freely accessible AI-based model for detecting ECC and classifying carious lesions in dental photographs.

Multi-species genome-wide CRISPR screens identify conserved suppressors of cold-induced cell death.

Cells must adapt to environmental changes to maintain homeostasis. One of the most striking environmental adaptations is entry into hibernation during which core body temperature can decrease from 37°C to as low at 4°C. How mammalian cells, which evolved to optimally function within a narrow range of temperatures, adapt to this profound decrease in temperature remains poorly understood.

External validation of an artificial intelligence-based method for the detection and classification of molar incisor hypomineralisation in dental photographs.

Objectives: This ex vivo diagnostic study aimed to externally validate an open-access artificial intelligence (AI)-based model for the detection, classification, localisation and segmentation of enamel/molar incisor hypomineralisation (EH/MIH).

Methods: An independent sample of web images showing teeth with (n = 277) and without (n = 178) EH/MIH was evaluated by a workgroup of dentists whose consensus served as the reference standard. Then, an AI-based model was used for the detection of EH/MIH, followed by automated classification and segmentation of the findings (test method).

Occlusal contact changes in patients treated with clear aligners: A retrospective evaluation using digital dental models.

Introduction: This study used digital intraoral scans to evaluate how clear aligner treatment affects occlusal contacts and to determine the influence of sex and age on contact changes. Results were compared with contact changes that occur during fixed appliance therapy.

Methods: Patients included in this study were treated in a University setting and private practice.

A multi-institutional pediatric dataset of clinical radiology MRIs by the Children's Brain Tumor Network.

Pediatric brain and spinal cancers remain the leading cause of cancer-related death in children. Advancements in clinical decision-support in pediatric neuro-oncology utilizing the wealth of radiology imaging data collected through standard care, however, has significantly lagged other domains. Such data is ripe for use with predictive analytics such as artificial intelligence (AI) methods, which require large datasets.

Coupled protein quality control during nonsense-mediated mRNA decay.

Translation of mRNAs containing premature termination codons (PTCs) results in truncated protein products with deleterious effects. Nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) is a surveillance pathway responsible for detecting PTC containing transcripts. Although the molecular mechanisms governing mRNA degradation have been extensively studied, the fate of the nascent protein product remains largely uncharacterized.

The children's brain tumor network (CBTN) - Accelerating research in pediatric central nervous system tumors through collaboration and open science.

Pediatric brain tumors are the leading cause of cancer-related death in children in the United States and contribute a disproportionate number of potential years of life lost compared to adult cancers. Moreover, survivors frequently suffer long-term side effects, including secondary cancers. The Children's Brain Tumor Network (CBTN) is a multi-institutional international clinical research consortium created to advance therapeutic development through the collection and rapid distribution of biospecimens and data via open-science research platforms for real-time access and use by the global research community.

Copper induces cell death by targeting lipoylated TCA cycle proteins.

Copper is an essential cofactor for all organisms, and yet it becomes toxic if concentrations exceed a threshold maintained by evolutionarily conserved homeostatic mechanisms. How excess copper induces cell death, however, is unknown. Here, we show in human cells that copper-dependent, regulated cell death is distinct from known death mechanisms and is dependent on mitochondrial respiration.

Minor gifts from pharmaceutical companies to doctors: A comparison between psychiatry and general medicine.

Pharmaceutical companies in countries that have community-oriented models of healthcare, unlike other countries with highly privatised healthcare systems, such as the United States, cannot legally advertise medications directly to patients. Thus, the physician is entirely responsible for choosing the right medication, and needs to take important professional and ethical concerns into consideration during this decision-making process. Pharmaceutical companies invest considerably in in marketing products to physicians.

Author Correction: A human ciliopathy reveals essential functions for NEK10 in airway mucociliary clearance.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

Total Methionine Restriction Treatment of Cancer.

This chapter reviews how total methionine (MET) restriction (MR) of a human brain tumor xenograft, effected by the combination of recombinant L-methionine-α-deamino-γ-lyase (rMETase) and a MET-free diet, greatly potentiates standard chemotherapy for brain tumors in mouse models. The growth of human brain tumor Daoy, SWB77, and D-54 xenografts in nude mice was arrested after the depletion of mouse plasma methionine (MET) with a combination of an MR diet and rMETase and homocysteine to rescue normal cells and tissues. MET was depleted to below 5 μm by this treatment.

NUFIP1 is a ribosome receptor for starvation-induced ribophagy.

The lysosome degrades and recycles macromolecules, signals to the master growth regulator mTORC1 [mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1], and is associated with human disease. We performed quantitative proteomic analyses of rapidly isolated lysosomes and found that nutrient levels and mTOR dynamically modulate the lysosomal proteome. Upon mTORC1 inhibition, NUFIP1 (nuclear fragile X mental retardation-interacting protein 1) redistributes from the nucleus to autophagosomes and lysosomes.

Metagenomic Shotgun Sequencing and Unbiased Metabolomic Profiling Identify Specific Human Gut Microbiota and Metabolites Associated with Immune Checkpoint Therapy Efficacy in Melanoma Patients.

This is the first prospective study of the effects of human gut microbiota and metabolites on immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICT) response in metastatic melanoma patients. Whereas many melanoma patients exhibit profound response to ICT, there are fewer options for patients failing ICT-particularly with BRAF-wild-type disease. In preclinical studies, specific gut microbiota promotes regression of melanoma in mice.

A case of autoimmune severe acquired von Willebrand syndrome (type 3-like).

Von Willebrand disease (VWD) is the most common congenital bleeding disorder and is due to quantitative or qualitative defects of von Willebrand factor (VWF). Acquired defects of VWF, termed acquired von Willebrand syndrome (AVWS), are due to a host of different mechanisms. Autoantibody-mediated AVWS may be associated with lymphoproliferative or immunological disorders, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

Development of a Unifying Target and Consensus Indicators for Global Surgical Systems Strengthening: Proposed by the Global Alliance for Surgery, Obstetric, Trauma, and Anaesthesia Care (The G4 Alliance).

After decades on the margins of primary health care, surgical and anaesthesia care is gaining increasing priority within the global development arena. The 2015 publications of the Disease Control Priorities third edition on Essential Surgery and the Lancet Commission on Global Surgery created a compelling evidenced-based argument for the fundamental role of surgery and anaesthesia within cost-effective health systems strengthening global strategy. The launch of the Global Alliance for Surgical, Obstetric, Trauma, and Anaesthesia Care in 2015 has further coordinated efforts to build priority for surgical care and anaesthesia.

Academic Cancer Center Phase I Program Development.

Multiple factors critical to the effectiveness of academic phase I cancer programs were assessed among 16 academic centers in the U.S. Successful cancer centers were defined as having broad phase I and I/II clinical trial portfolios, multiple investigator-initiated studies, and correlative science.

Effects of Environmental Conditions on the Fitness Penalty in Herbicide Resistant .

Herbicide-resistance mutations may impose a fitness penalty in herbicide-free environments. Moreover, the fitness penalty associated with herbicide resistance is not a stable parameter and can be influenced by ecological factors. Here, we used two accessions collected from the same planted forest, sensitive (S) and target-site resistance (TSR) to photosystem II (PSII) inhibitors, to study the effect of agro-ecological parameters on fitness penalty.

Salivary mucins promote the coexistence of competing oral bacterial species.

Mucus forms a major ecological niche for microbiota in various locations throughout the human body such as the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract and oral cavity. The primary structural components of mucus are mucin glycoproteins, which crosslink to form a complex polymer network that surrounds microbes. Although the mucin matrix could create constraints that impact inhabiting microbes, little is understood about how this key environmental factor affects interspecies interactions.

Targeting renal cell carcinoma with a HIF-2 antagonist.

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is characterized by inactivation of the von Hippel-Lindau tumour suppressor gene (VHL). Because no other gene is mutated as frequently in ccRCC and VHL mutations are truncal, VHL inactivation is regarded as the governing event. VHL loss activates the HIF-2 transcription factor, and constitutive HIF-2 activity restores tumorigenesis in VHL-reconstituted ccRCC cells.

Modelling Deposition and Erosion rates with RadioNuclides (MODERN) - Part 2: A comparison of different models to convert Pu inventories into soil redistribution rates at unploughed sites.

Sheet erosion is one of the major threats to alpine soils. To quantify its role and impact in the degradation processes of alpine grasslands, the application of Fallout Radionuclides (FRN) showed very promising results. The specific characteristics of plutonium 239 + 240 (Pu), such as the homogeneous fallout distribution, the long half-life and the cost and time effective measurements make this tracer application for investigating soil degradation in Alpine grasslands more suitable than any other FRN (e.

Modelling Deposition and Erosion rates with RadioNuclides (MODERN) - Part 1: A new conversion model to derive soil redistribution rates from inventories of fallout radionuclides.

The measurement of fallout radionuclides (FRN) has become one of the most commonly used tools to quantify sediment erosion or depositional processes. The conversion of FRN inventories into soil erosion and deposition rates is done with a variety of models, which suitability is dependent on the selected FRN, soil cultivation (ploughed or unploughed) and movement (erosion or deposition). The authors propose a new conversion model, which can be easily and comprehensively used for different FRN, land uses and soil redistribution processes.

Analysis of Thrombophilia Test Ordering Practices at an Academic Center: A Proposal for Appropriate Testing to Reduce Harm and Cost.

Ideally, thrombophilia testing should be tailored to the type of thrombotic event without the influence of anticoagulation therapy or acute phase effects which can give false positive results that may result in long term anticoagulation. However, thrombophilia testing is often performed routinely in unselected patients. We analyzed all consecutive thrombophilia testing orders during the months of October and November 2009 at an academic teaching institution.