X-linked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia mutations in Brazilian families.

X-linked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (XLHED) is characterized by severe hypohidrosis, hypotrichosis, and hypodontia. The gene responsible for this pleiotropic syndrome (ED1) consists of 12 exons, 8 of them coding for a transmembrane protein (ectodysplasin-A; EDA-A) involved in the developmental process of epithelial-mesenchymal interaction. ED1 mutations that cause alterations in this protein lead to the XLHED phenotype.

Odontomicronychial ectodermal dysplasia.

This paper describes odontomicronychial dysplasia, a pure ectodermal dysplasia of the 2-3 subgroup of group A. It is characterised by precocious eruption and shedding of deciduous dentition, precocious eruption of secondary dentition with short, rhomboid roots, and short, thin, slow growing nails. This condition probably results from an autosomal recessive gene.

Ectodermal dysplasias: a clinical classification and a causal review.

We present a casual review of 154 ectodermal dysplasias (EDs) as classified into 11 clinical subgroups. The number of EDs in each subgroup varies from one to 43. The numbers of conditions due to autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, and X-linked genes are, respectively, 41, 52, and 8.

[Ectodermal dysplasias--a general view].

Ectodermal dysplasias comprise a group of about 150 diseases, in general of a genetic nature. The most common form--Christ, Siemens, Touraine's Syndrome--is characterized by high intermittent fever in infancy and, when the patient is not properly cared for, the hyperthermia may cause death. In Brazil, there are at least 400 men severely affected by this syndrome (such a number is not higher because approximately 50% of the patients die early) and 1,000 women.

Autosomal recessive cleft lip/palate, ectodermal dysplasia, and minor acral anomalies: report of a Brazilian family.

We report on a Brazilian woman, born to consanguineous (first cousin) parents (F = 1/16) and presenting cleft lip/palate, ectodermal dysplasia, interdigital webbing, and other malformations. Parental consanguinity and possible recurrence in sibs suggest autosomal recessive inheritance. The nosologic aspects with the Martinez syndrome and with the Zlotogora-Ogur syndrome are discussed.

Hair-nail dysplasia--a new pure autosomal dominant ectodermal dysplasia.

An apparently hitherto undescribed pure ectodermal dysplasia of the tricho-onychic subgroup is described. Its cause is an autosomal dominant gene with complete penetrance and variable expressivity. Differential diagnosis considered 18 conditions belonging to the same subgroup, as well as Clouston syndrome.

Inbreeding effect on morbidity: IV. Further data in Brazilian populations.

The analysis of the data on 5677 children of 1063 couples from a fourth sample of consanguineous and nonconsanguineous marriages among whites and nonwhites living in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil led to the following estimates: B (number of abnormal equivalents per gamete) around 0.5; A (morbidity in the non-inbred subsamples) 2-3 percent; B/A 13, 15, and 27 (this suggests that the morbidity disclosed by inbreeding may predominantly represent a mutational load); RR (relative risk) about 2 (this means that among the children of consanguineous marriages there is about double the frequency of abnormalities than in those with nonconsanguineous marriages); AR (attributable risk) for the whole sample about 7% (5% for nonwhites and 15% for whites). These last values show the amount that the frequency of abnormalities would decrease in the population if the risk factor (consanguineous marriages) would be eliminated.

[Consanguinity marriages in Brazil].

This short review deals with the following problems: 1. frequencies of consanguineous marriages in Brazil; 2. their effects on precocious mortality (from abortions up to and including infant-juvenile mortality) and abnormalities among the survivors; 3.

New cases of dermoodontodysplasia?

We report on 2 sisters and one brother with severe dental anomalies, trichodysplasia, onychodysplasia, and slight skin alterations. Four other relatives have only mild dental anomalies. Differential diagnosis includes 3 other ectodermal dysplasias: hypodontia and nail dysgenesis, dermoodontodysplasia, and trichodermodysplasia with dental alterations.

Five landmarks in inbreeding studies.

A short review is made on papers by Mendel, Wright, Haldane and Moshinsky, Cotterman, Malécot, Morton et al., and Khoury et al. The accompanying paper applies the two epidemiological approaches of this paper to the Brazilian populations.

Genetic effects in Brazilian populations due to consanguineous marriages.

Estimates of "relative risks" and "attributable risks" are presented for two Brazilian regions with the lowest (F = 0.00030) and the highest (F = 0.00395) inbreeding levels of the country, and for the whole country (F = 0.

Two other cases of ANOTHER syndrome? Family report and update.

We describe one daughter of a possibly distant consanguineous couple with infantile hypothyroidism, trichodysplasia, dental anomalies, dystrophic nails, skin alterations, otitis media, slight conductive hypoacusia, recurrent respiratory tract infections, and gastroenterologic problems. One of her two sisters presents dental anomalies and trichodysplasia, and had dry skin at birth. Similarity indexes are estimated for our patients in comparison with those described under the acronym ANOTHER syndrome.

Lid agenesis-macrostomia-psychomotor retardation-forehead hypertrichosis--a new syndrome?

We describe a boy with bilateral lid agenesis and total keratinization of cornea and conjunctiva, macrostomia, psychomotor retardation, forehead hypertrichosis, ocular hypertelorism, thin lips, abnormal auricles and nose, skin alterations, and other findings. Differential diagnosis with ablepharon-macrostomia syndrome is presented. Cause is unknown.

Partial aniridia, cerebellar ataxia, and mental deficiency (Gillespie syndrome) in two brothers.

We report on two brothers (in a sibship of three) with partial aniridia, cerebellar ataxia, and moderate mental retardation, with normal G-banded chromosomes. Both present cerebellum hypoplasia; the younger also has congenital pulmonic stenosis. A review of the literature is presented.

Oculotrichodysplasia (OTD): a new probably autosomal recessive condition.

A brother and sister, the offspring of first cousins, are described with retinitis pigmentosa, trichodysplasia (hypotrichosis and structural changes), dental anomalies, and onychodysplasia. This is a pure ectodermal dysplasia of the tricho-odonto-onychial subgroup, probably due to an autosomal recessive gene.

Trichodysplasia-xeroderma: an autosomal dominant condition.

We describe six generations of a family with an autosomal dominant condition combining different degrees of trichodysplasia and xeroderma.

Cleft lip/palate-oligodontia-syndactyly-hair alterations, a new syndrome: review of the conditions combining ectodermal dysplasia and cleft lip/palate.

We report on a noninbred girl with cleft lip and palate, complete absence of deciduous teeth, hypodontia of permanent teeth, hair alterations, hypertelorism, midface hypoplasia, abnormal EEG, syndactyly, and other findings. Her mother had minor anomalies which could represent the mild expression of a gene. A review on the conditions combining ectodermal dysplasia and cleft lip/palate is presented.