Correction: Mitochondrial phosphate transporter and methyltransferase genes contribute to Fusarium head blight Type II disease resistance and grain development in wheat.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.

Machine Learning Applied to the Detection of Mycotoxin in Food: A Systematic Review.

Mycotoxins, toxic secondary metabolites produced by certain fungi, pose significant threats to global food safety and public health. These compounds can contaminate a variety of crops, leading to economic losses and health risks to both humans and animals. Traditional lab analysis methods for mycotoxin detection can be time-consuming and may not always be suitable for large-scale screenings.

Trichothecenes and Fumonisins: Key Players in -Cereal Ecosystem Interactions.

fungi produce a diverse array of mycotoxic metabolites during the pathogenesis of cereals. Some, such as the trichothecenes and fumonisins, are phytotoxic, acting as non-proteinaceous effectors that facilitate disease development in cereals. Over the last few decades, we have gained some depth of understanding as to how trichothecenes and fumonisins interact with plant cells and how plants deploy mycotoxin detoxification and resistance strategies to defend themselves against the producer fungi.

Transcriptional Profiling Reveals the Wheat Defences against Fusarium Head Blight Disease Regulated by a NAC Transcription Factor.

The wheat NAC transcription factor TaNACL-D1 enhances resistance to the economically devastating Fusarium head blight (FHB) disease. The objective of this study was to decipher the alterations in gene expression, pathways and biological processes that led to enhanced resistance as a result of the constitutive expression of TaNACL-D1 in wheat. Transcriptomic analysis was used to determine the genes and processes enhanced in wheat due to TaNACL-D1 overexpression, both in the presence and absence of the causal agent of FHB, (0- and 1-day post-treatment).

Comprehensive analysis of pathogen-responsive wheat NAC transcription factors: new candidates for crop improvement.

Wheat NAC (TaNAC) transcription factors are important regulators of stress responses and developmental processes. This study proposes a new TaNAC nomenclature and identified defense-associated TaNACs based on the analysis of RNA-sequencing datasets of wheat tissue infected with major fungal pathogens. A total of 146 TaNACs were pathogen-responsive, of which 52 were orthologous with functionally characterized defense-associated NACs from barley, rice, and Arabidopsis, as deduced via phylogenetic analysis.

Lactic Acid Bacteria as Potential Biocontrol Agents for Fusarium Head Blight Disease of Spring Barley.

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a devastating disease encountered by spring-grown barley. Traditionally, synthetic chemicals have been used to control this disease on small grain cereals. A move toward biological control agents as part of sustainable agriculture is pertinent due to the evolutionary mechanisms employed by fungal diseases to circumvent current protection strategies.

The impact of chitosan on the early metabolomic response of wheat to infection by Fusarium graminearum.

Background: Chitosan has shown potential for the control of Fusarium head blight (FHB) disease caused by Fusarium graminearum. The objective of this study was to compare the effect of chitosan hydrochloride applied pre- or post-fungal inoculation on FHB and to better understand its' mode of action via an untargeted metabolomics study.

Results: Chitosan inhibited fungal growth in vitro and, when sprayed on the susceptible wheat cultivar Remus 24 hours pre-inoculation with F.

Mitochondrial phosphate transporter and methyltransferase genes contribute to Fusarium head blight Type II disease resistance and grain development in wheat.

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is an economically important disease of wheat that results in yield loss and grain contaminated with fungal mycotoxins that are harmful to human and animal health. Herein we characterised two wheat genes involved in the FHB response in wheat: a wheat mitochondrial phosphate transporter (TaMPT) and a methyltransferase (TaSAM). Wheat has three sub-genomes (A, B, and D) and gene expression studies demonstrated that TaMPT and TaSAM homoeologs were differentially expressed in response to FHB infection and the mycotoxigenic Fusarium virulence factor deoxynivalenol (DON) in FHB resistant wheat cv.

Analysis of the chromosomal clustering of Fusarium-responsive wheat genes uncovers new players in the defence against head blight disease.

There is increasing evidence that some functionally related, co-expressed genes cluster within eukaryotic genomes. We present a novel pipeline that delineates such eukaryotic gene clusters. Using this tool for bread wheat, we uncovered 44 clusters of genes that are responsive to the fungal pathogen Fusarium graminearum.

Insights into the resistance of a synthetically-derived wheat to Septoria tritici blotch disease: less is more.

Background: Little is known about the initial, symptomless (latent) phase of the devastating wheat disease Septoria tritici blotch. However, speculations as to its impact on fungal success and disease severity in the field have suggested that a long latent phase is beneficial to the host and can reduce inoculum build up in the field over a growing season. The winter wheat cultivar Stigg is derived from a synthetic hexaploid wheat and contains introgressions from wild tetraploid wheat Triticum turgidum subsp.

Wheat Encodes Small, Secreted Proteins That Contribute to Resistance to Septoria Tritici Blotch.

During plant-pathogen interactions, pathogens secrete many rapidly evolving, small secreted proteins (SSPs) that can modify plant defense and permit pathogens to colonize plant tissue. The fungal pathogen is the causal agent of Septoria tritici blotch (STB), one of the most important foliar diseases of wheat, globally. is a strictly apoplastic pathogen that can secrete numerous proteins into the apoplast of wheat leaves to promote infection.

Taxonomically Restricted Wheat Genes Interact With Small Secreted Fungal Proteins and Enhance Resistance to Septoria Tritici Blotch Disease.

Understanding the nuances of host/pathogen interactions are paramount if we wish to effectively control cereal diseases. In the case of the wheat/ interaction that leads to Septoria tritici blotch (STB) disease, a 10,000-year-old conflict has led to considerable armaments being developed on both sides which are not reflected in conventional model systems. Taxonomically restricted genes (TRGs) have evolved in wheat to better allow it to cope with stress caused by fungal pathogens, and has evolved specialized effectors which allow it to manipulate its' host.

The wheat SnRK1α family and its contribution to Fusarium toxin tolerance.

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin produced by phytopathogenic Fusarium fungi in cereal grain and plays a role as a disease virulence factor. TaFROG (Triticum aestivum Fusarium Resistance Orphan Gene) enhances wheat resistance to DON and it interacts with a sucrose non-fermenting-1 (SNF1)-related protein kinase 1 catalytic subunit α (SnRK1α). This protein kinase family is central integrator of stress and energy signalling, regulating plant metabolism and growth.

Insights into the transcriptomic response of the plant engineering bacterium Ensifer adhaerens OV14 during transformation.

The ability to engineer plant genomes has been primarily driven by the soil bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens but recently the potential of alternative rhizobia such as Rhizobium etli and Ensifer adhaerens OV14, the latter of which supports Ensifer Mediated Transformation (EMT) has been reported. Surprisingly, a knowledge deficit exists in regards to understanding the whole genome processes underway in plant transforming bacteria, irrespective of the species. To begin to address the issue, we undertook a temporal RNAseq-based profiling study of E.

Serpins: Genome-Wide Characterisation and Expression Analysis of the Serine Protease Inhibitor Family in .

The serine protease inhibitor (serpin) gene family is the largest family of protease inhibitors. Serine protease inhibitors have an active, but under-characterized, role in grain development and defense against pathogen attack in cereal crops. By exploiting publicly available genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic data for wheat (), we have identified and annotated the entire 'serpinome' of wheat and constructed a high-quality and robust phylogenetic tree of the gene family, identifying paralogous and homeologous clades from the hexaploid wheat genome, including the Serpin-Z group that have been well characterized in barley.

A Major Facilitator Superfamily Peptide Transporter From Influences Bioethanol Production From Lignocellulosic Material.

is a leading microbial agent in the emerging consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) industry owing to its capability to infiltrate the plant's lignin barrier and degrade complex carbohydrates to value-added chemicals such as bioethanol in a single step. Membrane transport of nutrients is a key factor in successful microbial colonization of host tissue. This study assessed the impact of a peptide transporter on ability to convert lignocellulosic straw to ethanol.

A wheat NAC interacts with an orphan protein and enhances resistance to Fusarium head blight disease.

Taxonomically-restricted orphan genes play an important role in environmental adaptation, as recently demonstrated by the fact that the Pooideae-specific orphan TaFROG (Triticum aestivum Fusarium Resistance Orphan Gene) enhanced wheat resistance to the economically devastating Fusarium head blight (FHB) disease. Like most orphan genes, little is known about the cellular function of the encoded protein TaFROG, other than it interacts with the central stress regulator TaSnRK1α. Here, we functionally characterized a wheat (T.

Virus-Induced Gene Silencing (VIGS) for Functional Characterization of Disease Resistance Genes in Barley Seedlings.

With the recent advances in sequencing technologies, many studies are generating lists of candidate genes associated with specific traits. The major bottleneck in functional genomics is the validation of gene function. This is achieved by analyzing the effect of either gene silencing or overexpression on a specific phenotypic or biochemical trait.

A wheat cytochrome P450 enhances both resistance to deoxynivalenol and grain yield.

The mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) serves as a plant disease virulence factor for the fungi Fusarium graminearum and F. culmorum during the development of Fusarium head blight (FHB) disease on wheat. A wheat cytochrome P450 gene from the subfamily CYP72A, TaCYP72A, was cloned from wheat cultivar CM82036.

A Pathogen-Responsive Leucine Rich Receptor Like Kinase Contributes to Resistance in Cereals.

Receptor-like kinases form the largest family of receptors in plants and play an important role in recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns and modulating the plant immune responses to invasive fungi, including cereal defenses against fungal diseases. But hitherto, none have been shown to modulate the wheat response to the economically important Fusarium head blight (FHB) disease of small-grain cereals. Homologous genes were identified on barley chromosome 6H () and wheat chromosome 6DL (), which encode the characteristic domains of surface-localized receptor like kinases.

From Concept to Commerce: Developing a Successful Fungal Endophyte Inoculant for Agricultural Crops.

The development of endophyte inoculants for agricultural crops has been bedevilled by the twin problems of a lack of reliability and consistency, with a consequent lack of belief among end users in the efficacy of such treatments. We have developed a successful research pipeline for the production of a reliable, consistent and environmentally targeted fungal endophyte seed-delivered inoculant for barley cultivars. Our approach was developed de novo from an initial concept to source candidate endophyte inoculants from a wild relative of barley, (wall barley).

-mediated Root Transformation (E-ART): A Protocol to Analyse the Factors that Support -mediated Transformation (EMT) of Plant Cells.

OV14, a soil borne alpha-proteobacteria of the Rhizobiaceae family, fortifies the novel plant transformation technology platform termed '-mediated transformation' (EMT). EMT can stably transform both monocot and dicot species, and the host range of EMT is continuously expanding across a diverse range of crop species. In this protocol, we adapted a previously published account that describes the use of roots to investigate the interaction of and .

Fungal-mediated consolidated bioprocessing: the potential of Fusarium oxysporum for the lignocellulosic ethanol industry.

Microbial bioprocessing of lignocellulose to bioethanol still poses challenges in terms of substrate catabolism. The most important challenge is to overcome substrate recalcitrance and to thus reduce the number of steps needed to biorefine lignocellulose. Conventionally, conversion involves chemical pretreatment of lignocellulose, followed by hydrolysis of biomass to monomer sugars that are subsequently fermented into bioethanol.

TaFROG Encodes a Pooideae Orphan Protein That Interacts with SnRK1 and Enhances Resistance to the Mycotoxigenic Fungus Fusarium graminearum.

All genomes encode taxonomically restricted orphan genes, and the vast majority are of unknown function. There is growing evidence that such genes play an important role in the environmental adaptation of taxa. We report the functional characterization of an orphan gene (Triticum aestivum Fusarium Resistance Orphan Gene [TaFROG]) as a component of resistance to the globally important wheat (T.

Profundae diversitas: the uncharted genetic diversity in a newly studied group of fungal root endophytes.

Endophytes associated with crops have potential as beneficial inoculants in agriculture, but little is known about their genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships. We carried out the first ever ecological and phylogenetic survey of the culturable fungal root endophytes of a wild barley species. Fungal root endophytes were isolated from 10 populations of wall barley (), and 112 taxa of fungi were identified based on internal transcribed spacer sequence similarity.