Sexually dimorphic postural adjustments during vertical behaviour are altered in a unilateral 6-OHDA rat model of Parkinson's disease.

The study of sex differences in the onset, progression and symptoms of Parkinson's disease, in humans, has led to mixed results. In this study, we used a unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesion animal model of Parkinson's disease, to address whether there are sex differences in the composition of the movements used during vertical exploration within a confined cylinder. Tyrosine hydroxylase staining and apomorphine induced rotation were used to confirm lesion magnitude.

Pharmacological manipulations of food protection behavior in rats: evidence for dopaminergic contributions to time perception during a natural behavior.

Operant procedures combined with pharmacological manipulations have implicated a role for the dopaminergic system in the perception and production of temporal intervals. Because studies have suggested that animals use temporal information to organize food protection behavior, the current study investigates whether dopaminergic systems are involved in timing during this natural behavior. The experiment examined the influence of a dopaminergic agonist (amphetamine) and an antagonist (haloperidol) on food protection behavior initiated to avoid theft by a conspecific.

Development of ocular disease in patients with mucous membrane pemphigoid involving the oral mucosa.

Aim: To determine the rate of development of ocular disease in patients presenting with mucous membrane pemphigoid (MMP) involving their oral mucosa.

Methods: Diagnosis of oral MMP was made on the basis of clinical signs, histology, and direct and indirect immunofluorescence. Age, race, sex, age at diagnosis, progression of eye signs, duration of follow up, and time to progression of ocular disease were recorded.

Downstream of tyrosine kinases-1 and Src homology 2-containing inositol 5'-phosphatase are required for regulation of CD4+CD25+ T cell development.

The adaptor protein, downstream of tyrosine kinases-1 (Dok-1), and the phosphatase SHIP are both tyrosine phosphorylated in response to T cell stimulation. However, a function for these molecules in T cell development has not been defined. To clarify the role of Dok-1 and SHIP in T cell development in vivo, we compared the T cell phenotype of wild-type, Dok-1 knockout (KO), SHIP KO, and Dok-1/SHIP double-knockout (DKO) mice.

The statins: drug interactions of significance to the dental practitioner.

Unlabelled: This report outlines the potential for concomitant use of dentally prescribed medication to increase the risk of statin-induced myopathy. The associated signs and symptoms of statin-induced myopathy are also highlighted, as well as the need for an accurate and updated drug history for all dental patients.

Clinical Relevance: This article describes the recognized adverse interactions associated with concomitant drug therapy for patients on statins.

Play fighting in androgen-insensitive tfm rats: evidence that androgen receptors are necessary for the development of adult playful attack and defense.

The frequency of playful attack and the style of playful defense, are modifiable by gonadal steroids and change after puberty in male and female rats. The present study examined the play behavior exhibited by testicular feminized mutation (tfm)-affected males, who are insensitive to androgens but can bind estrogens aromatized from androgens, to determine the relative contributions of androgens and estrogens to the age-related changes in play behavior. tfm males did not exhibit a decrease in playful attack with age and were more likely to maintain the use of complete rotations, a juvenile form of playful defense, into adulthood.

Pyodermatitis-pyostomatitis vegetans complicated by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection.

Pyodermatitis-pyostomatitis vegetans (PPV), a rare disorder of the skin and oral mucosa, is considered a highly specific marker for inflammatory bowel disease, especially ulcerative colitis (UC). Oral lesions (pyostomatitis vegetans) are seen without skin involvement but rarely without gastrointestinal symptoms. Bowel symptoms may be minimal and precede the onset of other lesions by months or years.

Sexually dimorphic postural adjustments are used in a skilled reaching task in the rat.

Sex differences occur not only in the sexual repertoire of animals but also are evident in other aspects of movement. The present study asked whether sexually dimorphic motor behavior extends to the skilled movements used in reaching for food in the rat. Because we have previously shown that males and females are sexually dimorphic in their organization of lateral and rotatory movements and because postural adjustments are incorporated into skilled movements, both body posture and limb movements were examined during a skilled reaching task.

Sex differences in righting from supine to prone in rats (Rattus norvegicus): a masculinized skeletomusculature is not required.

Previous research has shown that sex differences exist in the composition of lateral movements (E. F. Field, I.

Congenital heart block associated with undiagnosed maternal Primary Sjögren's Syndrome -- a case report and discussion.

Congenital heart block (CHB) has been linked with Sjögren's Syndrome. This paper reports a case of previously undiagnosed maternal Primary Sjögren's Syndrome (1 degrees SS) that was only discovered following the birth of the patient's first child with CHB. The possible pathophysiological mechanisms underlying CHB associated with 1 degrees SS are discussed.

TLR-9 activation of marginal zone B cells in lupus mice regulates immunity through increased IL-10 production.

Bacterial DNA triggers B-cell proliferation and induces immunoglobulin secretion. Chromatin-IgG complexes activate autoreactive B cells by co-engaging B-cell receptor (BCR) and TLR-9, thus suggesting a role for innate signaling in systemic autoimmunity. Spleen cells from lupus prone Palmerston North (PN) mice produce several fold less IL-12p40 than controls in response to CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs).

Case report: exfoliative cheilitis managed with antidepressant medication.

Exfoliative cheilitis is an unsightly and uncommon, chronic superficial inflammatory disorder that affects the vermilion zone of the lips. This case report describes the presentation of exfoliative cheilitis in a young man, and his subsequent management with antidepressant medication. The differential diagnosis of chronic exfoliative cheilitis is outlined.

Neonatal and pubertal, but not adult, ovarian steroids are necessary for the development of female-typical patterns of dodging to protect a food item.

Rats protect food by dodging horizontally away from a conspecific. Females and males use different movement and stepping patterns to execute a dodge. An unresolved question is whether exposure to ovarian steroids in females is necessary for the development of the female-typical pattern.

A masculinized skeletomusculature is not necessary for male-typical patterns of food-protective movement.

Although sexual dimorphism in movement has been documented in rodents, the extent to which it relates to dimorphic neural control versus dimorphic body size/structure is unclear. We have shown previously that male and female rats are sexually dimorphic with regards to the lateral movements and hindpaw stepping they use to protect a food item. We addressed the question of whether this sexual dimorphism is due to sex differences in peripheral skeletomusculature or in the CNS by examining the movement composition used during dodging to protect a food item by tfm-affected males and their wild-type male (WTM) and female (WTF) controls.

UK patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome are at increased risk from clinical depression.

Objective: This study was undertaken to assess the presence and degree of anxiety and depression in a group of UK patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome (1 degrees SS).

Design: Cross-sectional.

Setting: Department of Oral Medicine, Liverpool University Dental Hospital.

Lingual striated muscle hamartoma or herniation?

Three grouped, small polypoid lesions were removed from the right lateral border of tongue of a healthy male aged 12 years. They were composed of packed, mature striated muscle fibres covered by oral epithelium and thinned lamina propria. Hamartomatous growth of striated muscle, or herniation through underdeveloped lamina propria is postulated to explain the exceedingly rare clinicopathological features.

Optimizing buccal cell DNA yields in mothers and infants for human leukocyte antigen genotyping.

Buccal cells provide a convenient source of DNA for epidemiologic studies. Mouthwash rinses yield a higher quality and quantity of DNA than cytobrushes but are not practical for collection from infants. Although cytobrushes yield sufficient DNA for most genotyping analyses, human leukocyte antigen (HLA) analysis can require 1,000-fold more DNA.

An oral cancer information leaflet for smokers in primary care: results from two randomised controlled trials.

Objectives: To investigate whether primary care patients who claim to smoke tobacco gain greater benefit of a patient information leaflet (PIL) on oral cancer than nonsmokers.

Methods: Two studies were conducted. Study 1 examined the research question initially, and Study 2 acted as a replication and inclusion of additional secondary outcome measures.

Characterization of the human urinary proteome: a method for high-resolution display of urinary proteins on two-dimensional electrophoresis gels with a yield of nearly 1400 distinct protein spots.

The abundance profile of the human urinary proteome is known to change as a result of diseases or drug toxicities, particularly of those affecting the kidney and the urogenital tract. A consequence of such insults is the ability to identify proteins in urine, which may be useful as quantitative biomarkers. To succeed in discovering them, reproducible urine sample preparation methods and good protein resolution in two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) gels for parallel semiquantitative protein measurements are desirable.

Endoscopic repair of gastrostomy after inadvertent removal of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube.

Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube placement has become the preferred method of enteral feeding for many patients. Neurologic disease and cancer are the most frequent indications for PEG tube placement. PEG tubes are also becoming more frequent in trauma patients for early initiation of enteral feeding.

Angioedema of the lips and tongue induced by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. A report of two cases.

The following case reports describe the clinical presentation, diagnosis and management of two patients who attended Liverpool University Dental Hospital with rapidly increasing swelling of the lips and tongue. Both patients were suffering from angioedema and were taking an angiotension-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor (ACEI). A provisional diagnosis of ACEI-induced angioedema was made.

Review article: oral ulceration--aetiopathogenesis, clinical diagnosis and management in the gastrointestinal clinic.

Oral ulceration is a common complaint of patients attending out-patient clinics. The aim of this review is to provide the gastroenterologist with a differential diagnosis of oral ulceration, and a practical guide for the management of recurrent aphthous stomatitis, including topical and systemic therapy. The association of recurrent aphthous stomatitis with Behçet's disease and other systemic disorders, including coeliac disease, is discussed.