Association of COVID-19 inflammation with activation of the C5a-C5aR1 axis.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a disease caused by infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and has resulted in a pandemic. The C5a complement factor and its receptor C5aR1 (also known as CD88) have a key role in the initiation and maintenance of several inflammatory responses by recruiting and activating neutrophils and monocytes. Here we provide a longitudinal analysis of immune responses, including phenotypic analyses of immune cells and assessments of the soluble factors that are present in the blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of patients at various stages of COVID-19 severity, including those who were paucisymptomatic or had pneumonia or acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Matching unrelated stimuli with same discriminative functions: training order effects.

Previous research has shown that after training simple discriminations (A1+/A2-, B1+/B2-), bringing these tasks under conditional control (J1-A1, J2-A2) leads to transfer of discriminative control (J1+/J2-) and to generalized matching on the basis of same discriminative functions (e.g. J1-B1, J2-B2).