Acute suppurative thyroiditis caused by Gemella Morbillorum: a case report.

Background: Acute suppurative thyroiditis (AST) is a rare form of thyroid inflammation prevalently of bacterial origin, that usually affects subjects with risk factors such as immunodeficiency, sepsis, and neck fistulas. The most prevalent pathogens associated with AST are gram-positive aerobic bacteria, followed by gram-negatives, while infections by anaerobic germs are exceptionally rare. Gemella morbillorum is a facultative anaerobic gram-positive bacterium that commonly populates the upper respiratory tract.

Molecular Pathophysiology of Parathyroid Tumorigenesis-The Lesson from a Rare Disease: The "MEN1 Model".

Primary hyperparathyroidism represents the third most prevalent endocrine disease in the general population, consisting of an excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone from one or, more frequently, more of the parathyroid glands, leading to a dysregulation of calcium homeostasis. Schematically, its development occurs primarily by pathophysiological events with genetic mutation, at the germline and/or somatic level, that favor the neoplastic transformation of parathyroid cells and promote their aberrant proliferation, and mutations determining the shift in the PTH "set-point", thus interfering with the normal pathways of PTH secretion and leading to a "resetting" of Ca-dependent PTH secretion or to a secretion of PTH insensitive to changes in extracellular Ca levels. Familial syndromic and non-syndromic forms of primary hyperparathyroidism are responsible for approximately 2-5% of primary hyperparathyroidism cases and most of them are inherited forms.