In Vitro Evaluation of the Apoptotic, Autophagic, and Necrotic Molecular Pathways of Fluoride.

Prolonged exposure to high doses of fluoride causes chronic poisoning called fluorosis, which affects many tissues and causes serious health problems. This study was planned to investigate the apoptotic, autophagic, and necrotic molecular pathways of fluoride. Sodium fluoride (NaF) was administered to normal rat kidney epithelial (NRK-52E) cells.