Dental fluorosis associated with drinking water from hot springs in Choma district in southern province, Zambia.

This study was conducted to investigate the high incidence of mottled teeth among residents of an area with hot springs in the Choma District of the Southern Province of Zambia. A survey involving 128 pupils was conducted at a Basic School to collect data on pupil's backgrounds and their main sources of drinking water between birth and age 7. A dental specialist examined the pupils' teeth and samples of drinking water were collected from locations where the majority of the pupils lived.

Factors influencing the difference in HIV prevalence between antenatal clinic and general population in sub-Saharan Africa.

Objective: To compare HIV prevalence in antenatal clinics (ANC) and the general population, and to identify factors determining the differences that were found.

Design: Cross-sectional surveys in the general population and in ANC in three cities.

Methods: HIV prevalence measured in adults in the community was compared with that measured by sentinel surveillance in ANC in Yaoundé, Cameroon, Kisumu, Kenya, and Ndola, Zambia.

Declining HIV prevalence and risk behaviours in Zambia: evidence from surveillance and population-based surveys.

Objective: To examine trends in HIV prevalence and behaviours in Zambia during the 1990s.

Methods: The core Zambian system for epidemiological surveillance and research has two major components: (i) HIV sentinel surveillance at selected antenatal clinics (ANC) in all provinces; and (ii) population-based HIV surveys in selected sentinel populations (1996 and 1999). The former was refined in 1994 to improve the monitoring of prevalence trends, whereas the latter was designed to validate ANC-based data, to study change in prevalence and behaviour concomitantly and to assess demographic impacts.

Decreased fertility among HIV-1-infected women attending antenatal clinics in three African cities.

Population HIV prevalence estimates rely heavily on sentinel surveillance in antenatal clinics (ANCs), but because HIV reduces fertility, these estimates are biased. To aid interpretation of such data, we estimated HIV-associated fertility reduction among pregnant women in ANCs in Yaoundé (Cameroon), Kisumu (Kenya), and Ndola (Zambia). Data collection followed existing HIV sentinel surveillance procedures as far as possible.