Fixed or weight-adjusted dose in immunotherapy?

Objective: To analyse the economic impact of the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors in fixed-dose regimens and to determine the potential economic savings of using weight-adjusted dosing, as well as to describe the current situation in Spanish hospitals.

Methods: Observational, descriptive, retrospective and multicentre study that included all patients treated with pembrolizumab, nivolumab, avelumab, durvalumab and cemiplimab in fixed-dose regimens from 2020 to 2022 in four hospitals in a Spanish province (Albacete). Clinical variables: drug, therapeutic indication, body weight, percentage of overdose and number of cycles received.

Vitamin E Delivery Systems Increase Resistance to Oxidative Stress in Red Deer Sperm Cells: Hydrogel and Nanoemulsion Carriers.

Oxidative stress has become a major concern in the field of spermatology, and one of the possible solutions to this acute problem would be the use of antioxidant protection; however, more studies are required in this field, as highly contradictory results regarding the addition of antioxidants have been obtained. Vitamin E is a powerful biological antioxidant, but its low stability and high hydrophobicity limit its application in spermatology, making the use of organic solvents necessary, which renders spermatozoa practically motionless. Keeping this in mind, we propose the use of hydrogels (HVEs) and nanoemulsions (NVEs), alone or in combination, as carriers for the controlled release of vitamin E, thus, improving its solubility and stability and preventing oxidative stress in sperm cells.

Nanotechnology in reproduction: Vitamin E nanoemulsions for reducing oxidative stress in sperm cells.

Vitamin E is considered a powerful biological antioxidant; however, its characteristics such as high hydrophobicity and low stability limit its application. We propose to use nanotechnology as an innovative tool in spermatology, formulating nanoemulsions (NE) that accommodate vitamin E, protecting it from oxidation and promoting its release into the medium. The protective effect of the NE against oxidative stress was assessed in red deer epididymal sperm incubated at 37 °C.

Cinnamtannin B-1, a novel antioxidant for sperm in red deer.

Cinnamtannin B-1 (CNB-1) is a naturally occurring trimeric A-type proanthocyanidin contained in several plants such as cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum). It is considered to be a potent antioxidant. The protective effect of CNB-1 against oxidative stress was assessed in red deer epididymal sperm incubated at 37 °C.