Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic cutoff values for benzylpenicillin in horses to support the establishment of clinical breakpoints for benzylpenicillin antimicrobial susceptibility testing in horses.

Introduction: The aim of this international project was to establish a species-specific Clinical Breakpoint for interpretation of Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of benzylpenicillin (BP) in horses.

Methods: A population pharmacokinetic model of BP disposition was developed to compute PK/PD cutoff values of BP for different formulations that are commonly used in equine medicine around the world (France, Sweden, USA and Japan). Investigated substances were potassium BP, sodium BP, procaine BP, a combination of procaine BP and benzathine BP and penethamate, a prodrug of BP.

Putrescine Detected in Strains of .

Most forms of life, including the archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes synthesize the polyamine putrescine. Although putrescine is widely distributed, several Gram-positive bacteria, including (), appear to be the exceptions. We report here that strains of can produce the polyamine putrescine, as well as the derivative -acetyl-putrescine.