Chronic NOD2 stimulation by MDP confers protection against parthanatos through M2b macrophage polarization in RAW264.7 cells.

Innate immune cells show enhanced responsiveness to secondary challenges after an initial non-related stimulation (Trained Innate Immunity, TII). Acute NOD2 activation by Muramyl-Dipeptide (MDP) promotes TII inducing the secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators, while a sustained MDP-stimulation down-regulates the inflammatory response, restoring tolerance. Here we characterized in-vitro the response of murine macrophages to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge under NOD2-chronic stimulation.

Brain and cognitive changes in patients with long COVID compared with infection-recovered control subjects.

Between 2.5% and 28% of people infected with SARS-CoV-2 suffer long COVID or persistence of symptoms for months after acute illness. Many symptoms are neurological, but the brain changes underlying the neuropsychological impairments remain unclear.

Interventions, methods and outcome measures used in teaching evidence-based practice to healthcare students: an overview of systematic reviews.

Background: To fully implement the internationally acknowledged requirements for teaching in evidence-based practice, and support the student's development of core competencies in evidence-based practice, educators at professional bachelor degree programs in healthcare need a systematic overview of evidence-based teaching and learning interventions. The purpose of this overview of systematic reviews was to summarize and synthesize the current evidence from systematic reviews on educational interventions being used by educators to teach evidence-based practice to professional bachelor-degree healthcare students and to identify the evidence-based practice-related learning outcomes used.

Methods: An overview of systematic reviews.

Fasciola hepatica infection modifies IgG1 specific immune response to foot-and-mouth disease virus induced by vaccination.

Fasciola hepatica, a worldwide distributed helminth, has a robust immunoregulatory effect in the host, increasing the susceptibility to secondary infections. Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious acute vesicular viral disease effectively controlled by vaccination in endemic regions. Despite the evidence of immunoregulatory effects, the impact of fasciolosis on the immune response induced by FMD vaccination in cattle has never been assessed.

Kinetics of foot-and-mouth disease vaccine-induced antibody responses in buffaloes (): avidity ELISA as an alternative to the virus neutralization test.

The role of water buffaloes in foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) epidemiology as one of the major hosts of the virus that can develop persistent asymptomatic infection highlights the importance of sustaining surveillance on the antibody response elicited by vaccination in these animals. There is gap in the knowledge on how serological assays that measure antibodies against capsid proteins perform with buffalo samples and which would be the most reliable test to substitute the virus neutralization test (VNT) a cumbersome and low-throughput tool for field surveillance. Alternatively, the liquid-phase blocking sandwich ELISA (LPBE) is commonly used.