Prognostic significance of oncogenic markers in ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast: a clinicopathologic study.

Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a heterogeneous malignant condition of the breast with an excellent prognosis. Until recently mastectomy was the standard treatment. As the results of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project-17 trial and the introduction of the Van Nuys Prognostic Index (VNPI) less radical therapies are used.

The value of the Van Nuys Prognostic Index in ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast: a retrospective analysis.

The Van Nuys Prognostic Index 1996 (VNPI), based upon tumor size, pathological grade and tumor margins, is a guideline for the treatment of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). It was thought to strongly decrease overtreatment. In 2003, age was added to the index as a fourth prognostic factor.