In vitro test of nicotine's permeability through human skin. Risk evaluation and safety aspects.

Permeability tests with Franz' diffusion cells and an in vitro test model were made to evaluate the importance of dermal absorption of nicotine as a pathway for intoxication. Studies were carried out to ensure that safety procedures, when spilling nicotine on skin, are sufficient to prevent poisoning. Pure nicotine and nicotine in various concentrations in water or ethanol were applied on human skin or gloves in Franz' cells.

Dose released and absolute bioavailability of nicotine from a nicotine vapor inhaler.

In an open, randomized, three-way crossover study, 14 healthy smokers used one type of nicotine vapor inhaler intensely for 20 minutes every hour for 11 hours (12 administrations). Two different inhalation techniques were applied, shallow frequent sucking (buccal mode) and deep inhalations (pulmonary mode). The determination of nicotine was performed by capillary gas chromatography after single-step liquid-liquid extraction of the plasma sample.

Nicotine and its major metabolite cotinine have different effects on aldosterone and prolactin serum levels in the normal male rat.

Nicotine (0.01-1.0 mg/kg, i.