Studies on the potent bacterial mutagen, 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone: aqueous stability, XAD recovery and analytical determination in drinking water and in chlorinated humic acid solutions.

3-Chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (MX) was detected by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry in drinking water samples from 3 locations in the U.S.A.

Results of toxicological testing of Jefferson Parish pilot plant samples.

Five toxicological tests were performed using concentrated drinking water samples collected at a pilot-scale drinking water treatment plant that had streams treated with different disinfectants (no disinfectant, ozone, chlorine dioxide, monochloramine, or chlorine) before treatment with granular activated carbon (GAC). The toxicological tests used in this study were the Ames Salmonella assay, a subchronic in vivo toxicity assay in mice, the SENCAR mouse skin initiation-promotion assay, a rat liver foci assay, and the lung adenoma assay in strain A mice. These tests were conducted to determine the general toxicity and the mutagenic/carcinogenic potential associated with the use of disinfection and/or GAC in the treatment of drinking water.

Water disinfection: microbes versus molecules--an introduction of issues.

"Water is, apart from the air one breathes, the only nutrient which is, as a matter of necessity, consumed by every human being from the first day to the last day of his existence, and it is consumed in considerably larger quantities than any other nutritional substance."(1)

Quantitation and identification of organic N-chloramines formed in stomach fluid on ingestion of aqueous hypochlorite.

The chemical reactions that hypochlorite undergoes in the body when chlorinated water is ingested have received very little attention. Because amino nitrogen compounds are important components of the average diet, the reactions of hypochlorite with amino compounds in the stomach were investigated. Stomach fluid was recovered from Sprague-Dawley rats that had been fasted for 48 hr and administered 4 mL deionized water.