The Zeiss-MKM system for frameless image-guided approach in epidural motor cortex stimulation for central neuropathic pain.

Object: Twelve patients (seven female, and five male, mean age 55.6 years) suffering from refractory central (ischemic/traumatic [eight cases]) and neuropathic pain (trigeminal neuropathy [four cases]) underwent surgery for the implantation of an epidural motor cortex stimulation (MCS) device in which the authors used a frameless neuronavigation system, the Zeiss-MKM microscope.

Methods: The authors assessed the spatial accuracy of the neuronavigation system and its potential contribution to improve the quality of targeting pain.