Immunomodulatory effects of different intravenous immunoglobulin preparations in chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

Hypogammaglobulinemia is the most frequently observed immune defect in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Although CLL patients usually have low serum levels of all isotypes (IgG, IgM and IgA), standard immunoglobulin (Ig) preparations for replacement therapy administrated to these patients contain more than 95% of IgG. Pentaglobin is an Ig preparation of intravenous application (IVIg) enriched with IgM and IgA (IVIgGMA), with the potential benefit to restore the Ig levels of all isotypes.

Implementation of plasmonic band structure to understand polariton hybridization within metamaterials.

Gap surface plasmons (GSPs) serve a diverse range of plasmonic applications, including energy harvesting, communications, molecular sensing, and optical detection. GSPs may be realized where tightly spaced plasmonic structures exhibit strong spatial overlap between the evanescent fields. We demonstrate that within similar, nested geometries that the near-fields of the GSPs within the individual nanostructures are hybridized.

Intrinsic Plasmon-Phonon Interactions in Highly Doped Graphene: A Near-Field Imaging Study.

As a two-dimensional semimetal, graphene offers clear advantages for plasmonic applications over conventional metals, such as stronger optical field confinement, in situ tunability, and relatively low intrinsic losses. However, the operational frequencies at which plasmons can be excited in graphene are limited by the Fermi energy E, which in practice can be controlled electrostatically only up to a few tenths of an electronvolt. Higher Fermi energies open the door to novel plasmonic devices with unprecedented capabilities, particularly at mid-infrared and shorter-wave infrared frequencies.