Toward transparent taxonomy: an interactive web-tool for evaluating competing taxonomic arrangements.

Informative and consistent taxonomy above the species level is essential to communication about evolution, biodiversity and conservation, and yet the practice of taxonomy is considered opaque and subjective by non-taxonomist scientists and the public alike. While various proposals have tried to make the basis for the ranking and inclusiveness of taxa more transparent and objective, widespread adoption of these ideas has lagged. Here, we present TaxonomR, an interactive online decision-support tool to evaluate alternative taxonomic classifications.

A comprehensive phylogeny and revised taxonomy illuminate the origin and diversification of the global radiation of Papilio (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae).

The swallowtail genus Papilio (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) is species rich, distributed worldwide, and has broad morphological habits and ecological niches. Because of its elevated species richness, it has been historically difficult to reconstruct a densely sampled phylogeny for this clade. Here we provide a taxonomic working list for the genus, resulting in 235 Papilio species, and assemble a molecular dataset of seven gene fragments representing ca.

[Interlaboratory comparisons-a central means of external quality assurance].

The precise performance of immunohistochemical and molecular examinations of diagnostic and predictive markers is essential for the further therapy of patients. Due to the increasing number of biomarkers and their detection at the immunohistochemical and molecular level in patient tissue, the pathology has a direct influence on the therapy of patients, which increases the value of external quality assurance (EQA). In pathology, various forms are available for this purpose, such as proficiency tests.

Updated nationally determined contributions collectively raise ambition levels but need strengthening further to keep Paris goals within reach.

Unlabelled: By January 2022, 156 countries had submitted new or updated nationally determined contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement. This study analyses the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and macroeconomic impacts of the new NDCs. The total impact of the updated unconditional and conditional NDCs of these countries on global emission levels by 2030 is an additional reduction of about 3.