Diabetes, Heart Failure and Beyond: Elucidating the Cardioprotective Mechanisms of Sodium Glucose Cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors.

Approximately 5 million individuals in the US are living with congestive heart failure (CHF), with 650,000 new cases being diagnosed every year. CHF has a multifactorial etiology, ranging from coronary artery disease, hypertension, valvular abnormalities and diabetes mellitus. Currently, guidelines by the American College of Cardiology advocate the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, β-blockers, diuretics, aldosterone antagonists, and inotropes for the medical management of heart failure.

Mechanical ventilation preserves diaphragm mitochondrial function in a rat sepsis model.

Background: To describe the effect of mechanical ventilation on diaphragm mitochondrial oxygen consumption, ATP production, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and cytochrome c oxidase activity and content, and their relationship to diaphragm strength in an experimental model of sepsis.

Methods: A cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) protocol was performed in 12 rats while 12 controls underwent sham operation. Half of the rats in each group were paralyzed and mechanically ventilated.