Hand hygiene opportunities in pediatric extended care facilities.

Introduction: Introduction: Children in extended care facilities (ECFs) are at risk of healthcare-associated infections, but little hand hygiene (HH) research has been conducted in this unique setting.

Methods: Eight children across four pediatric ECFs were observed for a cumulative 128 hours, and all care giver HH opportunities were characterized by the World Health Organization's '5 Moments for HH'. Data were analyzed using Pearson's χ2 test.

Reactions of aqueous chlorine in vitro in stomach fluid from the rat: chlorination of tyrosine.

Aqueous chlorine reacts with tyrosine to form ring-chlorinated products. Ring substitution occurs at Cl:tyrosine mole ratios greater than 1. Because the nitrogen function of amides is much less reactive than that of amines, the aromatic ring of N-acetyltyrosine is chlorinated at chlorine:substrate mole ratios less than 1.

Identification of organic N-chloramines in vitro in stomach fluid from the rat after chlorination.

Amino acids were identified and quantified in the stomach fluid recovered from animals fasted 8, 24, and 48 h. After in vitro chlorination of stomach fluid, three chloramino acids, N-chloroglycine, either N-chloroleucine or N-chloroisoleucine, and N-chlorophenylalanine, were identified by GC/MS analysis of dansylated methyl ester derivatives. Formation of N-chlorovaline and N-chloroserine was suggested by their HPLC retention times, but their identification could not be confirmed by GC/MS data.