Ocular Adverse Events following Yellow Fever Vaccination: A Case Series.

Purpose: To describe four cases of ocular adverse events resembling intraocular inflammatory and non-inflammatory conditions following yellow fever vaccination (YFV) during a recent yellow fever (YF) outbreak in Brazil.

Methods: Charts of patients diagnosed with ocular adverse events after YFV between January 2017 and January 2019 at two tertiary referral centers in Brazil.

Results: Four patients (two adults and two children) are reported.

The microvascular network of the pituitary gland: a model for the application of fractal geometry to the analysis of angioarchitecture and angiogenesis of brain tumors.

In geometrical terms, tumor vascularity is an exemplary anatomical system that irregularly fills a three-dimensional Euclidean space. This physical characteristic, together with the highly variable vessel shapes and surfaces, leads to considerable spatial and temporal heterogeneity in the delivery of oxygen, nutrients and drugs, and the removal of metabolites. Although these biological features have now been well established, quantitative analyses of neovascularity in two-dimensional histological sections still fail to view tumor architecture in non-Euclidean terms, and this leads to errors in visually interpreting the same tumor, and discordant results from different laboratories.

Lumbar arachnoiditis and thecaloscopy: brief review and proposed treatment algorithm.

The term arachnoiditis describes the inflammation of the meninges and subarachnoid spaces. Lumbar arachnoiditis is characterized by obliterated nerve root sleeves and the adherence of nerve roots to each other in the proximity of the cauda equina, and may be secondary to infectious diseases or tumors, iatrogenic (subsequent to spinal surgery) or idiopathic. It is not very clearly defined epidemiologically or clinically, and various theories regarding its pathophysiology have been proposed; furthermore, its treatment is difficult because there is a lack of evidence-based diagnostic and therapeutic gold standards.

Anatomical variability of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve: findings from a surgical series.

The lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LFCN) is a branch of the lumbar plexus and supplies the skin of the lateral thigh region. This entrapment-compressive syndrome is named meralgia paresthetica or Roth's meralgia and depends, on a vast majority of cases, on the entrapment of the nerve in proximity of the inguinal ligament. Surgical decompression of the nerve is an option when conservative treatments fail and is usually performed through a 3-cm infrainguinal skin incision.

Entrapment of crural branches of the common peroneal nerve.

Failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS) occurs in 30% of operated patients and represents a heavy problem both regarding disability and costs in first world countries. Among FBSS we found the possibility of a double crush syndrome: a disco-radicular conflict and a peripheral nerve entrapment. The latter, disguised by root compression symptoms, becomes evident only after spinal surgery.