Unlocking metal-ligand cooperative catalytic photochemical benzene carbonylation: a mechanistic approach.

A key challenge in green synthesis is the catalytic transformation of renewable substrates at high atom and energy efficiency, with minimal energy input (Δ ≈ 0). Non-thermal pathways, , electrochemical and photochemical, can be used to leverage renewable energy resources to drive chemical processes at well-defined energy input and efficiency. Within this context, photochemical benzene carbonylation to produce benzaldehyde is a particularly interesting, albeit challenging, process that combines unfavorable thermodynamics (Δ° = 1.

Electrification of a Milstein-type catalyst for alcohol reformation.

Novel energy and atom efficiency processes will be keys to develop the sustainable chemical industry of the future. Electrification could play an important role, by allowing to fine-tune energy input and using the ideal redox agent: the electron. Here we demonstrate that a commercially available Milstein ruthenium catalyst (1) can be used to promote the electrochemical oxidation of ethanol to ethyl acetate and acetate, thus demonstrating the four electron oxidation under preparative conditions.

Carbon Dioxide Reduction Mediated by Iron Catalysts: Mechanism and Intermediates That Guide Selectivity.

The reduction of carbon dioxide represents an ambitious target, with potential impact on several of the United Nations' sustainable development goals including climate action, renewable energy, sustainable cities, and communities. This process shares a common issue with other redox reactions involved in energy-related schemes (i.e.

Cholesterol metabolism differs after statin therapy according to the type of hyperlipemia.

Aim: Non-cholesterol sterols reflect cholesterol metabolism. Statins reduce cholesterol synthesis usually with a rise in cholesterol absorption. Common hyperlipemias have shown different patterns of cholesterol metabolism.

JET quasistationary internal-transport-barrier operation with active control of the pressure profile.

Quasistationary operation has been achieved on the Joint European Torus tokamak in internal-transport-barrier (ITB) scenarios, with the discharge time limited only by plant constraints. Full current drive was obtained over all the high performance phase by using lower hybrid current drive. For the first time feedback control on the total pressure and on the electron temperature profile was implemented by using, respectively, the neutral beams and the ion-cyclotron waves.