Prevalence Increases as Treatments Improve: An Evolutionary Perspective on the Treatment-Prevalence Paradox in Depression.

Depression is an eminently treatable disorder that responds to psychotherapy or medications; the efficacy of each has been established in hundreds of controlled trials. Nonetheless, the prevalence of depression has increased in recent years despite the existence of efficacious treatments-a phenomenon known as the treatment-prevalence paradox. We consider several possible explanations for this paradox, which range from a misunderstanding of the very nature of depression, inflated efficacy of the established treatments, and a lack of access to efficacious delivery of treatments.

Clinical Judgments of Response Profiles: Do They Tell Us What Matters for Whom?

DeRubeis and colleagues (2014a) proposed that psychotherapy research has been limited by underappreciated variability in how patients respond to psychotherapy. They proposed that the relationship between the quality of therapy and outcome varies according to patient response profiles. In a study of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for depression, we tested clinician ratings of this construct as a moderator of the relationship between therapist adherence to cognitive or behavioral methods in predicting symptom change.

Examining Predictors of Depression and Anxiety Symptom Change in Cognitive Behavioral Immersion: Observational Study.

Background: Depressive and anxiety disorders are the most common mental disorders, and there is a critical need for effective, affordable, and accessible interventions. Cognitive Behavioral Immersion (CBI) is a novel group-based cognitive behavioral skills training program delivered by lay coaches in the metaverse that can be accessed through various modalities including virtual reality (VR) head-mounted displays or flat-screen devices. Combining its ability to offer empirically supported therapy skills in a digital setting that can still facilitate interpersonal variables (eg, working alliance and sense of social support) with the aid of lay coaches, CBI has the potential to help fill this critical need.

Cognitive Behavioral Immersion for Substance Use Disorders: A Feasibility and Pilot Study of a Peer-Based Coaching Program in the Metaverse.

Cognitive Behavioral Immersion (CBI) is a novel cognitive-behavioral skills program delivered by lay coaches in the metaverse through immersive virtual reality technology. The objective for this study was to run a feasibility and pilot study of CBI for individuals in recovery from a substance use disorder. Data from 48 participants were used and program usage was assessed.

Cognitive restructuring and psychotherapy outcome: A meta-analytic review.

Cognitive restructuring (CR) is one method that is hypothesized to play a role in the process of change across many psychotherapies and for a variety of clinical presentations. In this article, we define and illustrate CR. We then present a meta-analysis of four studies (including a total of 353 clients) examining the effect of CR measured within session on psychotherapy outcomes.

Congruence in patient and therapist-rated alliance predicts subsequent depressive symptoms in cognitive behavioral therapy for depression.

Objective: The therapeutic alliance is a dyadic process involving both patient and therapist perspectives. We investigated the effect of patient and therapist agreement on the alliance in cognitive behavioral therapy for depression.

Method: Patients ( = 191) were drawn from two studies of cognitive behavioral therapy for depression provided over 16 weeks.

When Are Therapists' Efforts to Bring about Cognitive Change Effective? Considering Interpersonal Vulnerabilities as Contextual Factors.

We examined interpersonal variables as moderators of the relation between therapists' use of cognitive change (CC) strategies and CC in a sample of 125 adults who participated in cognitive behavioral therapy for depression. We measured self-reported maladaptive personality characteristics, interpersonal problems, and social skills at intake. Observers rated therapist adherence to cognitive methods for the first five sessions.

Working with Black vs. White patients: an experimental test of therapist decision-making in cognitive behavioral therapy for depression.

Whether and how therapists' delivery of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for depression differs by patients' ethnicity or race remains unclear. In this study, 218 therapists were randomized to clinical vignettes that involved the same text but varied in whether the accompanying image depicted a Black or White patient. Therapists exhibited three key differences in their views of clinical strategies for working with Black as compared to White patients.

What Do People Really Think of Me? Evaluating Bias in Interpersonal Predictions Over the Course of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy of Depression.

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) of depression is hypothesized to achieve its effects by correcting negative biases. However, little research has tested how biases change over the course of CBT. We focus on biases in interpersonal judgments and examine whether changes in biases occur in CBT and are associated with symptom improvements.

Dismantling, optimising, and personalising internet cognitive behavioural therapy for depression: a systematic review and component network meta-analysis using individual participant data.

Background: Internet cognitive behavioural therapy (iCBT) is a viable delivery format of CBT for depression. However, iCBT programmes include training in a wide array of cognitive and behavioural skills via different delivery methods, and it remains unclear which of these components are more efficacious and for whom.

Methods: We did a systematic review and individual participant data component network meta-analysis (cNMA) of iCBT trials for depression.

Getting down to business: an examination of occupational outcomes in cognitive behavioral therapy for depression.

Depression is associated with unemployment and poor occupational functioning. Although cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has been shown to reduce depressive symptoms, the degree to which it improves occupational outcomes has received little attention. We investigated change in job status and presenteeism (i.

Internet-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Depression: A Systematic Review and Individual Patient Data Network Meta-analysis.

Importance: Personalized treatment choices would increase the effectiveness of internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy (iCBT) for depression to the extent that patients differ in interventions that better suit them.

Objective: To provide personalized estimates of short-term and long-term relative efficacy of guided and unguided iCBT for depression using patient-level information.

Data Sources: We searched PubMed, Embase, PsycInfo, and Cochrane Library to identify randomized clinical trials (RCTs) published up to January 1, 2019.

Pay no attention to the man behind the curtain: The overlooked issue of rater selection in psychotherapy observer ratings.

Psychotherapy process research relies heavily upon trained raters to identify and code therapist and client behaviors. Raters are often selected out of convenience or availability with little research to inform what qualities are desirable for this role. In this study, we evaluated several rater characteristics as potential predictors of raters' performance.

An examination of dysfunctional attitudes and extreme response styles as predictors of relapse in guided internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy for depression.

Objectives: Internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy (iCBT) is an effective treatment option for depression, but its long-term effects are not well understood. We investigate for whom iCBT may have more enduring effects by evaluating dysfunctional attitudes as predictors of relapse.

Methods: The sample consists of 31 iCBT responders (20 women, average age 31.

PHLDA1, another PHLDA family protein that inhibits Akt.

The PHLDA family (pleckstrin homology-like domain family) of genes consists of 3 members: PHLDA1, 2, and 3. Both PHLDA3 and PHLDA2 are phosphatidylinositol (PIP) binding proteins and function as repressors of Akt. They have tumor suppressive functions, mainly through Akt inhibition.

[Milk, Daily products and Bone health.Effects of School Lunch Programs on Bone Mass.].

In Japan, school lunches are provided to elementary and secondary student, not only for ensuring the intake of well-balanced and nutritious meal, but also hoping to improve their dietary habits. In this article, the authors review the effects of a school lunch program on the bone mass and dietary habits. The school lunch program was divided into 3 groups:a group provided with a complete school lunch, a group provided with only milk supplements, and a group provided with no supplement.

Functional loss of p53 cooperates with the in vivo microenvironment to promote malignant progression of gastric cancers.

p53 mutations are frequently detected in malignant gastric cancers. However, the molecular mechanisms by which loss of p53 function promotes gastric cancer are not clear. We utilized Gan mice (K19-Wnt1/C2mE), which have functional p53 and develop intestinal-type gastric tumors, to investigate the role of p53 in gastric cancer progression by knocking out p53.

Novel p53 target gene FUCA1 encodes a fucosidase and regulates growth and survival of cancer cells.

The tumor suppressor p53 functions by inducing the transcription of a collection of target genes. We previously attempted to identify p53 target genes by microarray expression and ChIP-sequencing analyses. In this study, we describe a novel p53 target gene, FUCA1, which encodes a fucosidase.

The Impact of Different Amounts of Calcium Intake on Bone Mass and Arterial Calcification in Ovariectomized Rats.

Reduced estrogen secretion and low calcium (Ca) intake are risk factors for bone loss and arterial calcification in female rodents. To evaluate the effects of Ca intake at different amounts on bone mass changes and arterial calcification, 8-wk-old female Wistar rats were randomly placed in ovariectomized (OVX) control and OVX with vitamin D3 plus nicotine (VDN) treatment groups. The OVX with VDN rats were then divided into six groups to receive different amounts of Ca in their diets: 0.

The Preventive Effect of Calcium Supplementation on Weak Bones Caused by the Interaction of Exercise and Food Restriction in Young Female Rats During the Period from Acquiring Bone Mass to Maintaining Bone Mass.

Increasing calcium (Ca) intake is important for female athletes with a risk of weak bone caused by inadequate food intake. The aim of the present study was to examine the preventive effect of Ca supplementation on low bone strength in young female athletes with inadequate food intake, using the rats as an experimental model. Seven-week-old female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: the sedentary and ad libitum feeding group (SED), voluntary running exercise and ad libitum feeding group (EX), voluntary running exercise and 30% food restriction group (EX-FR), and a voluntary running exercise, 30% food-restricted and high-Ca diet group (EX-FR+Ca).

The Interaction of Voluntary Running Exercise and Food Restriction Induces Low Bone Strength and Low Bone Mineral Density in Young Female Rats.

There is a concern that the combination of exercise with food intake reduction has a risk of reducing bone strength and bone mass in young female athletes. We examined the influence of the interaction of voluntary running exercise and food restriction on bone in young female rats. Seven-week-old female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: the sedentary and ad libitum feeding group (SED), voluntary running exercise and ad libitum feeding group (EX), sedentary and 30 % food restriction group (SED-FR), and voluntary running exercise and 30 % food restriction group (EX-FR).

The relationship between salivary calcium concentration and differences in bone mineral density level in female rats.

It has not yet been examined whether salivary calcium levels reflect changes in bone mass. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between salivary calcium concentration and differences in bone mineral density due to estrogen deficiency and/or different calcium intake levels in female rats. In Experiment 1, the animals (n=14) were divided into an ovariectomized group (OVX) (n=8, 0.

The protective effect of lycopene intake on bone loss in ovariectomized rats.

Antioxidant lycopene supplementation has been shown to decrease oxidative stress and have beneficial effects on bone health. However, it remains unclear whether lycopene exerts its beneficial effect on bone metabolism through mitigation of oxidative stress in vivo. The aim of this study was to investigate whether lycopene intake protects against bone loss by reducing oxidative stress in ovariectomized rats.

Lycopene intake facilitates the increase of bone mineral density in growing female rats.

Intake of the antioxidant lycopene has been reported to decrease oxidative stress and have beneficial effects on bone health. However, few in vivo studies have addressed these beneficial effects in growing female rodents or young women. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of lycopene intake on bone metabolism through circulating oxidative stress in growing female rats.

Food restriction causes low bone strength and microarchitectural deterioration in exercised growing male rats.

The pathogenesis of bone disorders in young male athletes has not been well understood. We hypothesized that bone fragility is caused by low energy availability, due to insufficient food intake and excessive exercise energy expenditure in young male athletes. To examine this hypothesis, we investigated the influence of food restriction on bone strength and bone morphology in exercised growing male rats, using three-point bending test, dual-energy X-ray absormetry, and micro-computed tomography.